Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses, 19th Edition - Chapter 45: Drugs Used to Treat Infections

Practice flashcards covering antimicrobial classifications, antibiotic selection principles, nursing interventions, and specific drug classes for treating bacterial, fungal, and viral infections.

The gold standard for antibiotic selection that identifies the pathogen and the drugs it responds to is __________ .

Culture & Sensitivity (C&S)

Therapy begun before C&S results are available, based on the likely organisms involved, is known as __________ .

Empirical Treatment

The Big Three GI adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy are nausea, vomiting, and __________ .

diarrhea

When assessing for an allergic reaction or anaphylaxis, the patient should be observed for __________ minutes post-administration.

$$20-30$$

Nephrotoxicity is characterized by rising __________ /creatinine levels and a decrease in urine output.

BUN

Damage to CN VIII leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, or dizziness is a sign of __________ .

Ototoxicity

Nurses should report a urine output of less than __________ mL/hr when monitoring for nephrotoxicity.

$$30$$

Aminoglycosides act by inhibiting protein synthesis at the __________ ribosomal subunit.

$$30S$$

Aminoglycosides should not be administered within __________ hours of skeletal muscle relaxants used with anesthesia.

$$72$$

The drug __________ is a cephalosporin that is active against both MRSA and VRSA.

Ceftaroline

Glycopeptides like vancomycin can cause serious adverse effects such as Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, and __________ prolongation.

QT-interval

Linezolid (Zyvox) is used for serious infections caused by gram-positive organisms and treats resistant strains such as __________ .

MRSA

Quinolones are generally avoided in patients under the age of __________ due to an association with musculoskeletal disorders in developing cartilage.

$$18$$

Patients over $60$ taking corticosteroids along with quinolones have a significantly elevated risk of __________ .

tendon rupture

The primary treatment for VRE (vancomycin-resistant E. faecium) and MRSA using the class Streptogramins is __________ .

Quinupristin-Dalfopristin (Synercid)

Sulfonamides act by inhibiting the bacterial biosynthesis of __________ , leading to cell death.

folic acid

Tetracyclines should be avoided during pregnancy and can reduce the effectiveness of __________ .

oral contraceptives

Ethambutol (Myambutol) requires baseline and ongoing monitoring for __________ toxicity, including changes in red-green color discrimination.

Visual

To reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy when taking Isoniazid (INH), patients are often co-administered __________ .

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Rifampin is known to cause a harmless __________ discoloration of urine, sweat, and tears.

reddish-orange

Patients taking Metronidazole (Flagyl) must avoid alcohol during therapy and for __________ hours after to prevent a disulfiram-like reaction.

$$48$$

The cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that binds to bacterial membranes causing rapid depolarization is __________ .

Daptomycin (Cubicin)

The gold standard for treating systemic, life-threatening fungal infections, despite its high risk of nephrotoxicity, is __________ .

Amphotericin B

Terbinafine (Lamisil) is primarily used for the treatment of __________ (nail fungus).

Onychomycosis

The influenza antiviral __________ is administered via inhalation and is contraindicated in patients with asthma or COPD.

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Healthcare workers who are pregnant should avoid direct contact with the aerosol form of __________ because it is teratogenic.

Ribavirin (Virazole, Rebetol)