Studied by 4 people
heterotrophic, asexual and sexual reproduction, diverse niches, two types of body structures
Name 4 characteristics of fungi
decomposers, mutualists, parasites
Name 3 diverse ecological niches of fungi
C
What is the term for the scientific study of fungi? A) Shroomology B) Botany C) Mycology D) Farmocology
chitin
fungi have cell walls made of this; provide important structural stability to fungal cell walls; makes up insect exoskeletons
hyphae
multicellular fungi have branching filaments called this; they comprise the mycelium; a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium
mycelium
this is a network of fungal threads called hypahae
septate hypha
fungi have hyphae divided into cellular compartments by walls; allows fungus to keep nuclei contained in specific regions
coenocytic hyphae
a type of hyphae, which are aseptate, which means they do not contain septa or a long cell that is not divided into compartments
mycorrhizal fungi
symbiosis with plant roots; The plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus, and the fungus supplies to the plant water and mineral nutrients (mutualism)
ectomycorrhizae
fungi that grow on the outside of plant cells
arbuscular mycorrhizae
fungi that have haustoria which breaks thrugh cell wall
sexual and asexual reproduction
How do fungi reproduce?
heterokaryotic stage
occurs in some fungi after plasmogamy, a cell contains two genetically different nuclei but they are not fused together
pheromones
fungi uses these to signal mating type; a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal
plasmogamy
the joining of a cytoplasm which happens when different mating types interact
heterokaryon
haploid nuclei do not immediately fuse and coexist in this
karyogamy
the haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid zygote
deuteromycetes
“second-class” fungi that have no known sexual state in their life cycle, and thus reproduce only by producing spores via mitosis,
chytrids
most ancestral fungi, flagellated spores (zoospores)
zygomycetes
coenocytic hyphae; includes some bread molds
glomeromycetes
arbuscular mycorrhizae
ascomycetes
“sac” fungi, sexual reproduction involves an ascocarp and asci
zoospores
asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.
ascocarp
produces fruiting bodies
asci
holds spores in an ascomycetes
basidiomycetes
“club fungi”, sexual reproduction involves a basidiocarp and basidia; spores are produced on the underside of the mushroom cap
basidiocarp
a large sporophore, or fruiting body, in which sexually produced spores are formed on basidiomycetes
basidia
bears sexually reproduced bodies called basidiospores
B
Which phylum of fungi produce their spores in a sac like structure called an ascus? A) Chytrids B) Ascomycetes C) Zygomycetes D) Basidiomycetes
lichens
symbiosis with green algae or cyanobacteria
D
In both lichens and mycorrihizae what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) CO2 C) antibiotics D) water and minerals
plants
These organisms supply oxygen and are the ultimate source of food eaten by land animals
alternation of generations, spores in sporangia, apical meristems
What are the three key traits that differentiate land plants form their closest algal relatives?
2
Plants contain __ different multicellular forms in thie life cycle
sporophyte
(diploid) produces spores by meiosis -- spore producing plant
gametophyte
(haploid) produces gametes by mitosis -- gamete producing plant
sporangia
this is where spores are produced
haploid spores
diploid sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce?
apical meristems
these are sites of continual growth (usually on shoots and roots)
C
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid gametes B) diploid gametes C) haploid spores D) diploid spores
gametophyte
Bryophytes have a life cycle dominated by _____ (haploid)
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
What are the three phyla of bryophytes?
gametangia
gametes are produced in?
antheridia
during wet conditions, sperm is produced in ?
archegonia
the sperm produced in the antheridia swim to the eggs produced in ____
nonvascular
Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?
sporophyte
after fertilization (sperm swims to eggs) the zygote produced will grow into a mature diploid ____
life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissues, well-developed roots and leaves
What are living vascular plants characterized by
sporophytes
Living vascular plants have life cycles with dominant _____
sporocytes
these undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (are held in sporangia)
xylem
conducts water and minerals -- consists of DEAD cells (tracheids, vessel elements); cells walls are strengthened by ligin
phloem
distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products; consists of LIVING cells
roots
organs that anchor vascular plants; enable plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
leaves
organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants; capture solar energy used in photosynthesis
lycophyta, monilophyta
What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?
Lycophyta
comprised of club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts (vascular)
monilophyta
comprised of ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns (vascular)
B
Which is a true statement in comparing non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses) and seedless vascular plants (e.g. ferns)?
A) Mosses have a gametophyte stage, while ferns do not. B) The life cycle of ferns is dominated by the sporophyte stage, while the life cycle of mosses is not.
C) Both mosses and ferns have xylem and phloem to transport water and nutrients
D) Mosses produce spores in gametangia while ferns produce spores in sporangia.
B
We differentiate the major groups of land plants based on... A) alternation of generations B) vascular tissue and seeds C) presence/absence of sporophytes and gametophytes D) size
heterospory, reduced gametophytes, ovules, pollen, seeds
What are the 5 characteristics of seed plants?
heterospory
organisms that produce two different types of spores
megasporangia
produce one megaspore that gives rise to the female gametophyte and egg cell
microsporangia
produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes and sperm cells
ovule
consists of megasporangium, megaspore (precursor to the female gametophyte), and one or more integuments
pollen grain
microspores develop into ______ (containing male gametophyte)
seed
a sporophyte embryo and food supply, packaged into a protective coat
multicellular, can be transported by wind or animals, remain dormant for years, desiccation resistance
What are the 4 evolutionary advantages of seeds?
cones
gymnosperm seeds are found on?
fruits
angiosperm seeds are found on?
gymnosperms
these plants have seeds exposed on cones, and pollinate via wind; nonflowering plants such as pine trees
cycadophyte, gingkophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta
What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?
angiosperms
these are seeds plants with specialized reproductive structures; they are flowering plants
anthophyta
What is the 1 phylum of angiosperms?
flower
plant organ containing modified leaves specialized for sexual reproduction
sepals
enclose the flower
petals
brightly colored and attract pollinators
stamens
produce pollen
carpels
produce ovules
fruit
a mature ovary (contain seeds)
D
Which of the following is the correct order of floral whorls from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
monocots
one cotyledon
dicot
two cotyledon
eudicot
“true” dicots
basal angiosperm
this has examples such as water lillies, magnoliids
C
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from all other plants? A) pollen B) ovules C) vascular tissue D) dependent gametophytes
microsporocytes
A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce microspores as part of microsporogenesis
megasporocyte
A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores as part of megasporogenesis
pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (accomplished by wind, water or animals)
coevolution
evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other
double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with polar nuclei, creating triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)
seed
embryo and endosperm are enclosed by a hard protective coat
C
Double fertilization means that
A) flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.
B) every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.
C) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.
D) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid.
seed dormancy
this is when seeds enter a period which increases chances that germination occurs at time and place advantageous to seedling
temperature, moisture, or lighting changes
what 3 things does breaking dormancy require
vegetative reproduction
the production of clones from a parent plant
fragmentation
separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
humans
vegetative reproduction is often facilitated or induced by?
dioceious species
have stominate and carpellate flowers on separate plants
monoceious
have staminate and carpellate flowers on a single plant
asexual reproduction
beneficial to a successful plant in a stable environment; leaves organism vulnerable to environmental change
Note 
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