Quiz #2 (2nd Sem)

fungi, plant diversity i, plant diversity II

heterotrophic, asexual and sexual reproduction, diverse niches, two types of body structures

heterotrophic, asexual and sexual reproduction, diverse niches, two types of body structures

Name 4 characteristics of fungi

decomposers, mutualists, parasites

Name 3 diverse ecological niches of fungi

C

What is the term for the scientific study of fungi? A) Shroomology B) Botany C) Mycology D) Farmocology

chitin

fungi have cell walls made of this; provide important structural stability to fungal cell walls; makes up insect exoskeletons

hyphae

multicellular fungi have branching filaments called this; they comprise the mycelium; a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium

mycelium

this is a network of fungal threads called hypahae

septate hypha

fungi have hyphae divided into cellular compartments by walls; allows fungus to keep nuclei contained in specific regions

coenocytic hyphae

a type of hyphae, which are aseptate, which means they do not contain septa or a long cell that is not divided into compartments

mycorrhizal fungi

symbiosis with plant roots; The plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus, and the fungus supplies to the plant water and mineral nutrients (mutualism)

ectomycorrhizae

fungi that grow on the outside of plant cells

arbuscular mycorrhizae

fungi that have haustoria which breaks thrugh cell wall

sexual and asexual reproduction

How do fungi reproduce?

heterokaryotic stage

occurs in some fungi after plasmogamy, a cell contains two genetically different nuclei but they are not fused together

pheromones

fungi uses these to signal mating type; a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal

plasmogamy

the joining of a cytoplasm which happens when different mating types interact

heterokaryon

haploid nuclei do not immediately fuse and coexist in this

karyogamy

the haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid zygote

deuteromycetes

“second-class” fungi that have no known sexual state in their life cycle, and thus reproduce only by producing spores via mitosis,

chytrids

most ancestral fungi, flagellated spores (zoospores)

zygomycetes

coenocytic hyphae; includes some bread molds

glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae

ascomycetes

“sac” fungi, sexual reproduction involves an ascocarp and asci

zoospores

asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.

ascocarp

produces fruiting bodies

asci

holds spores in an ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

“club fungi”, sexual reproduction involves a basidiocarp and basidia; spores are produced on the underside of the mushroom cap

basidiocarp

a large sporophore, or fruiting body, in which sexually produced spores are formed on basidiomycetes

basidia

bears sexually reproduced bodies called basidiospores

B

Which phylum of fungi produce their spores in a sac like structure called an ascus? A) Chytrids B) Ascomycetes C) Zygomycetes D) Basidiomycetes

lichens

symbiosis with green algae or cyanobacteria

D

In both lichens and mycorrihizae what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) CO2 C) antibiotics D) water and minerals

plants

These organisms supply oxygen and are the ultimate source of food eaten by land animals

alternation of generations, spores in sporangia, apical meristems

What are the three key traits that differentiate land plants form their closest algal relatives?

2

Plants contain __ different multicellular forms in thie life cycle

sporophyte

(diploid) produces spores by meiosis -- spore producing plant

gametophyte

(haploid) produces gametes by mitosis -- gamete producing plant

sporangia

this is where spores are produced

haploid spores

diploid sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce?

apical meristems

these are sites of continual growth (usually on shoots and roots)

C

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid gametes B) diploid gametes C) haploid spores D) diploid spores

gametophyte

Bryophytes have a life cycle dominated by _____ (haploid)

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

What are the three phyla of bryophytes?

gametangia

gametes are produced in?

antheridia

during wet conditions, sperm is produced in ?

archegonia

the sperm produced in the antheridia swim to the eggs produced in ____

nonvascular

Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?

sporophyte

after fertilization (sperm swims to eggs) the zygote produced will grow into a mature diploid ____

life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissues, well-developed roots and leaves

What are living vascular plants characterized by

sporophytes

Living vascular plants have life cycles with dominant _____

sporocytes

these undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores (are held in sporangia)

xylem

conducts water and minerals -- consists of DEAD cells (tracheids, vessel elements); cells walls are strengthened by ligin

phloem

distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products; consists of LIVING cells

roots

organs that anchor vascular plants; enable plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

leaves

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants; capture solar energy used in photosynthesis

lycophyta, monilophyta

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?

Lycophyta

comprised of club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts (vascular)

monilophyta

comprised of ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns (vascular)

B

Which is a true statement in comparing non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses) and seedless vascular plants (e.g. ferns)?

A) Mosses have a gametophyte stage, while ferns do not. B) The life cycle of ferns is dominated by the sporophyte stage, while the life cycle of mosses is not.

C) Both mosses and ferns have xylem and phloem to transport water and nutrients

D) Mosses produce spores in gametangia while ferns produce spores in sporangia.

B

We differentiate the major groups of land plants based on... A) alternation of generations B) vascular tissue and seeds C) presence/absence of sporophytes and gametophytes D) size

heterospory, reduced gametophytes, ovules, pollen, seeds

What are the 5 characteristics of seed plants?

heterospory

organisms that produce two different types of spores

megasporangia

produce one megaspore that gives rise to the female gametophyte and egg cell

microsporangia

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes and sperm cells

ovule

consists of megasporangium, megaspore (precursor to the female gametophyte), and one or more integuments

pollen grain

microspores develop into ______ (containing male gametophyte)

seed

a sporophyte embryo and food supply, packaged into a protective coat

multicellular, can be transported by wind or animals, remain dormant for years, desiccation resistance

What are the 4 evolutionary advantages of seeds?

cones

gymnosperm seeds are found on?

fruits

angiosperm seeds are found on?

gymnosperms

these plants have seeds exposed on cones, and pollinate via wind; nonflowering plants such as pine trees

cycadophyte, gingkophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

angiosperms

these are seeds plants with specialized reproductive structures; they are flowering plants

anthophyta

What is the 1 phylum of angiosperms?

flower

plant organ containing modified leaves specialized for sexual reproduction

sepals

enclose the flower

petals

brightly colored and attract pollinators

stamens

produce pollen

carpels

produce ovules

fruit

a mature ovary (contain seeds)

D

Which of the following is the correct order of floral whorls from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels

B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels

C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo

D) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels

monocots

one cotyledon

dicot

two cotyledon

eudicot

“true” dicots

basal angiosperm

this has examples such as water lillies, magnoliids

C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from all other plants? A) pollen B) ovules C) vascular tissue D) dependent gametophytes

microsporocytes

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce microspores as part of microsporogenesis

megasporocyte

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores as part of megasporogenesis

pollination

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (accomplished by wind, water or animals)

coevolution

evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other

double fertilization

one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with polar nuclei, creating triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)

seed

embryo and endosperm are enclosed by a hard protective coat

C

Double fertilization means that

A) flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.

B) every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.

C) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.

D) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid.

seed dormancy

this is when seeds enter a period which increases chances that germination occurs at time and place advantageous to seedling

temperature, moisture, or lighting changes

what 3 things does breaking dormancy require

vegetative reproduction

the production of clones from a parent plant

fragmentation

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

humans

vegetative reproduction is often facilitated or induced by?

dioceious species

have stominate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

monoceious

have staminate and carpellate flowers on a single plant

asexual reproduction

beneficial to a successful plant in a stable environment; leaves organism vulnerable to environmental change