Studied by 4 people
What feature do animals lack?
Cell wall
What is the regulatory gene that animals possess?
Hox genes
Hierarchical structure organization
Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms
What do physical and chemical characteristics influence?
structures interactions and functions
How is structure related to function?
Evolution and adaptation
What are emergent properties?
Each level of organization has properties not exhibited by lower levels
All cells must exchange what?
materials with the external environment
All perception and response requires what?
information flow
What is homeostasis?
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Homestasis relies on what?
Negative feedback
What is negative feedback?
a control mechanisms where response opposes original stimulus
What is positive feedback?
a control mechanism where response reinforces original stimulus
Negative Feedback example
Bodies sweat to cool down when we are hot
Positive feedback example
Uterine contractions during labour lead to stronger uterine contractions
Stored energy is converted to what to carry out cellular work?AT
ATP
Natural Selection favours the evolution of efficient use of _ within _
resources, constraint
Resource trade off example
Wound healing vs egg production
Female trade off example
Overtraining in female athletes can cause them to stop menstruating
Haploid _ combine to form a diploid _
gametes, zygote
What is information flow?
Any process or list of events
What is an acrosome
Vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes
What is a cortical granule
Vesicle that contains enzymes
What do sperm binding receptors ensure?
only sperm of same species ligands can bind to receptor
What is a jelly coat?
Provide protection, releases chemicals detected by sperm
How is acrosomal reaction triggered?
Contact with the jelly coat
Plasma membranes fuse triggering fast block to _
Polyspermy
Sperm nucleus enters and cortical reaction causes what
slow block to polyspermy
What is depolarization?
Change of charge in cell
Water lift from plasma membrane (osmosis) creates _ between _?
perivitelline space between egg cell membrane and fertilization envelope
What is polyspermy?
Fertilization by multiple sperm
Preventing polyspermy ensures zygote has the correct balance of maternal and paternal _
Chromosomes
what is the process by which the zygote becomes multicellular?
Cleavage
When does cleavage happen?
after fertilization
Cleavage results in what?
many smaller cells called blastomeres
What is the blastocoel?
fluid filled cavity
What happens to the size of the blastula through cleavage?
Stays the same
Every single cell in embryo has a _
identical genome
What is differential gene expression?
Cells express different genes depending on their location and the stage of development
Expressing different _ leads to production of different _
genes, proteins
How does a cell know what genes to express at any given time?
Cytoplasmic determinants, inductive signals
signal that comes from within the cell is_
cytoplasmic determinant
Signal that comes from outside the cell is_
Inductive signals
How do cytoplasmic determinants result in differences in gene expression?
Can be differentially distributed to daughter cells
Signal molecules that a cell is exposed to depends on _ and _
location within embryo, stage of development
If a cell that normally develops into a muscle cell develops into a skin cell when moved to a different part of the embryo, which mechanism is responsible for determining this cell’s fate?
Induction
What is morphogenesis?
Rearrangement of cells or sheets of cells in the embryo
What is gastrulation?
Stage when the three germ layers are established and the basic body plan is set up
what is organogenesis
formation of the organs
What is neurulation
formation of nervous system
Gastrulation results in what
a three layered Gastrula
How is the blastopore formed?
Cells in the vegetal hemisphere push inward
Gastrulation Process
Blastopore forms, outer cells roll in, blastocoel becomes archenteron, cells at pole spread over outer surface
The outer cells become what in gastrulation?
future endoderm and mesoderm
Blastocoel collapsed to form what?
Archenteron
Morphogenesis is Achieved through what?
Changes in Cell Position, Shape, Survival
Convergent extension produces what?
a longer, narrower structure
Ectodermal cells change shape during what?
neural tube formation
T/F: Endodermal cells express same genes as ectodermal cells
False
What does programmed cell death do?
helps shape embryos
What 4 things cause changes in cell position, shape and survival?
Position of cell within embryo, Cytoplasmic determinants , gene expression within cell, Proteins produced
Cleavage converts _ into _
unicellular zygote, multicellular embryo
Chemical signalling between cells coordinates responses at the _, _, and _ levels
Cellular, tissue, system
Endocrine system signal type
Hormone
Endocrine system transmission
Blood
Endocrine system speed
Fast or slow depending on hormone
Endocrine system duration
short or long
Endocrine system specificity
achieved by hormone receptor interaction
Nervous system signal type
Electric impulse and chemical neurotransmitter
Nervous system transmission
Neuron
Nervous system speed
Fast
Nervous system duration
short
Nervous system specificity
achieved by close connection of neurons and target cells
hormone signals travel _, Neuron signals travel _
everywhere, to a specific location
Nervous system example
Pulling hands away from a hot surface
Endocrine system example
Initiating puberty
Nervous system is specialized for what?
Direct immediate and rapid responses
Endocrine system is specialized for what?
Coordinating gradual changes that affect entire body
Nervous system is composed of _ and _
Neurons, glia
Glia functions
Maintain homeostasis, form myelin, nourish and provide support for neurons
Electrical impulses are triggered where?
at the dendrites
How is a nerve impulse sent?
Neurotransmitter released, crosses synapse, binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell
Central nervous system components
Brain, spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system components
Cranial nerve, ganglia, spinal nerves
What is a ganglia?
Group of cell bodies
What is a nerve?
Axons bundled together
3 stages of information processing in the nervous system
sensory input, integration, motor output
Information travels from _ NS to _ NS
Peripheral, central
Where is the synapse found?
Between sensory neuron and motor neuron
What do motor neurons do?
Tell muscles to contract
Where is interneuron found?
Only in CNS
What does the interneuron do?
Interact with motor neuron, tells related muscle to relax
endocrine cells secrete _ into blood, affecting _ to regulate physiology and behaviour
Hormones, target cells
Hypothalamus function
Acts as master regulator of endocrine system
Where is hypothalamus found?
In the pituitary gland
Posterior Pituitary is made up of _ of _ of the _
Axons, neurosecretory cells, hypothalamus
What is a neurosecretary cell?
Neuron that produces and secretes a hormone into blood
Anterior pituitary is made up of what?
endocrine cells
How do endocrine cells respond to hormones from hypothalamus?
respond by secreting their own hormones
Hypothalamic hormones arrive via what?
arrive via portal vessels
Hierarchical organization of endocrine system
Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary, other endocrine glands
