Animal Bio

What feature do animals lack?

Cell wall

What is the regulatory gene that animals possess?

Hox genes

Hierarchical structure organization

Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms

What do physical and chemical characteristics influence?

structures interactions and functions

How is structure related to function?

Evolution and adaptation

What are emergent properties?

Each level of organization has properties not exhibited by lower levels

All cells must exchange what?

materials with the external environment

All perception and response requires what?

information flow

What is homeostasis?

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Homestasis relies on what?

Negative feedback

What is negative feedback?

a control mechanisms where response opposes original stimulus

What is positive feedback?

a control mechanism where response reinforces original stimulus

Negative Feedback example

Bodies sweat to cool down when we are hot

Positive feedback example

Uterine contractions during labour lead to stronger uterine contractions

Stored energy is converted to what to carry out cellular work?AT

ATP

Natural Selection favours the evolution of efficient use of _ within _

resources, constraint

Resource trade off example

Wound healing vs egg production

Female trade off example

Overtraining in female athletes can cause them to stop menstruating

Haploid _ combine to form a diploid _

gametes, zygote

What is information flow?

Any process or list of events

What is an acrosome

Vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes

What is a cortical granule

Vesicle that contains enzymes

What do sperm binding receptors ensure?

only sperm of same species ligands can bind to receptor

What is a jelly coat?

Provide protection, releases chemicals detected by sperm

How is acrosomal reaction triggered?

Contact with the jelly coat

Plasma membranes fuse triggering fast block to _

Polyspermy

Sperm nucleus enters and cortical reaction causes what

slow block to polyspermy

What is depolarization?

Change of charge in cell

Water lift from plasma membrane (osmosis) creates _ between _?

perivitelline space between egg cell membrane and fertilization envelope

What is polyspermy?

Fertilization by multiple sperm

Preventing polyspermy ensures zygote has the correct balance of maternal and paternal _

Chromosomes

what is the process by which the zygote becomes multicellular?

Cleavage

When does cleavage happen?

after fertilization

Cleavage results in what?

many smaller cells called blastomeres

What is the blastocoel?

fluid filled cavity

What happens to the size of the blastula through cleavage?

Stays the same

Every single cell in embryo has a _

identical genome

What is differential gene expression?

Cells express different genes depending on their location and the stage of development

Expressing different _ leads to production of different _

genes, proteins

How does a cell know what genes to express at any given time?

Cytoplasmic determinants, inductive signals

signal that comes from within the cell is_

cytoplasmic determinant

Signal that comes from outside the cell is_

Inductive signals

How do cytoplasmic determinants result in differences in gene expression?

Can be differentially distributed to daughter cells

Signal molecules that a cell is exposed to depends on _ and _

location within embryo, stage of development

If a cell that normally develops into a muscle cell develops into a skin cell when moved to a different part of the embryo, which mechanism is responsible for determining this cell’s fate?

Induction

What is morphogenesis?

Rearrangement of cells or sheets of cells in the embryo

What is gastrulation?

Stage when the three germ layers are established and the basic body plan is set up

what is organogenesis

formation of the organs

What is neurulation

formation of nervous system

Gastrulation results in what

a three layered Gastrula

How is the blastopore formed?

Cells in the vegetal hemisphere push inward

Gastrulation Process

Blastopore forms, outer cells roll in, blastocoel becomes archenteron, cells at pole spread over outer surface

The outer cells become what in gastrulation?

future endoderm and mesoderm

Blastocoel collapsed to form what?

Archenteron

Morphogenesis is Achieved through what?

Changes in Cell Position, Shape, Survival

Convergent extension produces what?

a longer, narrower structure

Ectodermal cells change shape during what?

neural tube formation

T/F: Endodermal cells express same genes as ectodermal cells

False

What does programmed cell death do?

helps shape embryos

What 4 things cause changes in cell position, shape and survival?

Position of cell within embryo, Cytoplasmic determinants , gene expression within cell, Proteins produced

Cleavage converts _ into _

unicellular zygote, multicellular embryo

Chemical signalling between cells coordinates responses at the _, _, and _ levels

Cellular, tissue, system

Endocrine system signal type

Hormone

Endocrine system transmission

Blood

Endocrine system speed

Fast or slow depending on hormone

Endocrine system duration

short or long

Endocrine system specificity

achieved by hormone receptor interaction

Nervous system signal type

Electric impulse and chemical neurotransmitter

Nervous system transmission

Neuron

Nervous system speed

Fast

Nervous system duration

short

Nervous system specificity

achieved by close connection of neurons and target cells

hormone signals travel _, Neuron signals travel _

everywhere, to a specific location

Nervous system example

Pulling hands away from a hot surface

Endocrine system example

Initiating puberty

Nervous system is specialized for what?

Direct immediate and rapid responses

Endocrine system is specialized for what?

Coordinating gradual changes that affect entire body

Nervous system is composed of _ and _

Neurons, glia

Glia functions

Maintain homeostasis, form myelin, nourish and provide support for neurons

Electrical impulses are triggered where?

at the dendrites

How is a nerve impulse sent?

Neurotransmitter released, crosses synapse, binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell

Central nervous system components

Brain, spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system components

Cranial nerve, ganglia, spinal nerves

What is a ganglia?

Group of cell bodies

What is a nerve?

Axons bundled together

3 stages of information processing in the nervous system

sensory input, integration, motor output

Information travels from _ NS to _ NS

Peripheral, central

Where is the synapse found?

Between sensory neuron and motor neuron

What do motor neurons do?

Tell muscles to contract

Where is interneuron found?

Only in CNS

What does the interneuron do?

Interact with motor neuron, tells related muscle to relax

endocrine cells secrete _ into blood, affecting _ to regulate physiology and behaviour

Hormones, target cells

Hypothalamus function

Acts as master regulator of endocrine system

Where is hypothalamus found?

In the pituitary gland

Posterior Pituitary is made up of _ of _ of the _

Axons, neurosecretory cells, hypothalamus

What is a neurosecretary cell?

Neuron that produces and secretes a hormone into blood

Anterior pituitary is made up of what?

endocrine cells

How do endocrine cells respond to hormones from hypothalamus?

respond by secreting their own hormones

Hypothalamic hormones arrive via what?

arrive via portal vessels

Hierarchical organization of endocrine system

Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary, other endocrine glands