Microbiology: Chapter 4 - Prokaryotes

Which structures are possessed by a majority (but not all) of bacterial cells?

- Glycocalyx

- Cell wall

The following are considered internal structures of prokaryotic cells:

- Inclusions

- Ribosomes

- Nucleoid

A cell wall and some form of glycocalyx are found in _____ bacterial walls.

Most

The nucleoid, inclusions and cytoskeleton are _____ structures found in bacteria.

Internal

What appendages provide motility?

- Axial filaments

- Flagellum

A major structural component, _____ are found within the lipid bilayer in a cell membrane and comprise 30-40% of the membrane mass.

Phospholipids

Proteins are synthesized on the _____, a small spherical structure located in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

Ribosome

What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?

- Spirillum

- Bacillus

- Coccus

Plasmids typically carry _____ genes.

Nonessential and antibiotic resistance

A cell membrane, ribosomes, chromosome(s), and cytoplasm are found in _____ bacterial cells.

All

Peptidoglycans are components of the cell walls in _____.

Bacteria

The cell membrane is a _____ _____ barrier of the cell.

Semi permeable

Which organelle's small and large subunits are composed of rRNA and protein?

Ribosome

The following are considered external structures of prokaryotic cells:

- Glycocalyx

- Pili

- Flagella

The _____ stain technique is a differential staining methods that allows a microbiologist to classify bacteria based on their cell wall compositions/structure.

Gram

The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as _____.

Cytoplasm

The cell envelope is composed of the cell _____ and the cell _____.

Membrane; wall

The function of the cell wall include:

- Preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure.

- Maintaining the shape of the bacterium.

A bacillus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.

Rod

The ability to move is referred to as _____.

Motility

Only gram-_____ bacterial possess an outer membrane.

Negative

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.

Outer

What is the glycocalyx?

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell.

Appendages that propel bacterial cells through an aqueous environment include _____ and _____ filaments.

Flagella; axial

A spherically-shaped bacterial cell is termed a(n) _____.

Coccus

_____ possess DNA enclosed in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles whereas _____ cells do not encase their DNA or organelles in a membrane.

Eukaryotes; bacterial

The outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contains:

- Lipopolysaccharide

- Lipoproteins

The lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also known as _____.

Endotoxin

The _____ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

Mycoplasma

What are advantages of endospore formation?

- The endospore provides protection in dry conditions

- Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat

- The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents

The two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:

- Capsules

- Slime layer

Which phrase means that a cell can have various shapes?

Pleomorphic

What bacterial cell type is flexible, spring-like structure that contains periplasmic flagella?

Spirochete

_____ is the process of endospore formation.

Sporulation

The _____ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism.

Capsule

Cylindrical bacterial cells are called _____, whereas gently curved cylindrical cells are referred to as a _____.

Bacillus; vibrio

Bacteria possess _____ chromosome(s).

One

The two main functions of the glycocalyx are _____ and _____.

Protection; adherence

What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?

A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.

Archaea are:

- Closely related to eukaryotes

- Able to exist in extreme environments

- Prokaryotic

A strain is a subgroup of a _____.

Species

The genetic exchange of material through pili is termed _____.

Conjugation

Small proteinaceous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange are called conjugation _____.

Pili

The prefix "staphylo-" is used to indicate that the cells are arranged in:

Clusters

A(n) _____ filament is a periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria.

Axial

Which staining technique allows differentiation of mycobacterial cells?

Acid-fast stain

The main function of fimbriae is _____ to cells and other surfaces.

Attachment

_____ are specialized channel proteins located in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells.

Porins

Bacterial endospores are involved in:

Survival

To move forward a chemical attachment by flagellar motion is referred to as positive _____.

Chemotaxis

Most bacteria are commonly viewed using a(n) _____ microscope.

Light

_____ is what occurs when a cells breaks or ruptures.

Lysis