Colonization and Revolution: Foundations of Philippine History

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key figures, events, and social structures from pre-colonial Philippine history, the period of Spanish colonization, and the eventual Philippine Revolution.

Propaganda Movement

Emerged in the 1880s as a response to colonial injustices, led by educated Filipinos who believed reform could be achieved through peaceful means.

Ilustrados

The educated Filipino class that led the Propaganda Movement in the 1880s.

Graciano L3pez Jaena

Founded the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889, which served as the main platform for the Propaganda movement.

La Solidaridad

A newspaper founded in 1889 that acted as the primary platform for the Propaganda movement before ceasing publication in 1895.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Editor of Diariong Tagalog in 1882 and successor to L3pez Jaena as the editor of La Solidaridad in 1890.

Jos3 Rizal

Author of Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) who founded La Liga Filipina in 1892 to advocate for peaceful change.

La Liga Filipina

A reformist society founded by Jos3 Rizal in 1892 aiming to unite Filipinos in advocating for peaceful change and reforms.

Andres Bonifacio

Known as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution," he founded the Katipunan (KKK) in 1892 to overthrow Spanish rule through armed struggle.

Katipunan (K.K.K.)

Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; a secret revolutionary society founded in 1892 advocating for independence through armed struggle.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino forces in the later revolution stages, first president of the First Philippine Republic, and leader during the Philippine-American War.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer who arrived in the Philippines in 1521, becoming the first European explorer to reach the islands.

Battle of Mactan

A conflict on April 27, 1521, where Ferdinand Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu and his warriors.

Miguel L3pez de Legazpi

Established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565 and later established Manila as the capital in 1571.

Galleon trade

A colonial economic system between Manila and Acapulco that facilitated trade with Mexico and other parts of the world.

Dagohoy Rebellion

A revolt occurring from 1744 to 1829 that showcased Filipino resistance to Spanish colonial abuses.

Religious Syncretism

The blending of customs, such as the use of anting-anting (amulets) and rituals honoring both saints and precolonial deities.

Encomienda System

A system granting Spanish settlers the right to collect tribute from local populations, which often led to exploitation.

Gomburza

The collective name for Father Mariano G3mez, Jos3 Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, whose execution on February 17, 1872, inspired Filipino nationalists.

Maginoo

The highest social class or nobility in pre-colonial Philippines, including datus, rajahs, and sultans.

Timawa

Free commoners in pre-colonial Philippines who could own land, run businesses, and served the Datu.

Aliping Namamahay

A type of debt-bonded worker who lived independently, worked for masters, and could not be sold.

Aliping Sagigilid

A type of debt-bonded worker who lived with their masters and had fewer rights due to debt, punishment, or war.

Babaylan

Shamans in pre-colonial societies who performed rituals and healing ceremonies.

Balangay

An ancient Filipino vessel made of hardwood and wooden pegs used for trade and migration; it influenced the term "barangay."

Maritime Jade Road

An ancient trade route from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE connecting the Philippines, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia to trade jade items.

Baybayin Script

An ancient Filipino script evolved from the Kawi script that was used before and during early Spanish colonization.

Primary Sources

First-hand accounts from the past, such as letters, diaries, official documents, artifacts, and newspaper articles, used by historians.

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The oldest known written document in the Philippines (900 CE), recording the forgiveness of the debt of Namwaran.

Boxer Codex

A 16th-century manuscript with over 75 illustrations and descriptions of Filipino and Southeast Asian cultures and hierarchical structures.

Doctrina Christiana

The first book ever printed in the Philippines (1593), containing religious teachings in both Spanish and Baybayin script.