Ap World Unit 1

Dar AL Islam

House of Islam and refers to lands under Islamic rule

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire was a powerful state in Southeast Asia, lasting From 802 CE to 1431 CE

Capital Angkor Wat originally a Hindu temple but eventually turned budhist

Bhakti Movement

The Bhakti movement emphasized the importance of an emotional and personal relationship with God, and it rejected the more formal, ritualistic aspects of traditional Hinduism.

Caliphate

Name of Muslim government that ruled the Islamic empire during the Middle Ages.

House of Wisdom

A center of learning in Baghdad that was a library,academy, and translation center.

-Preserved knowledge and heritage of ancient civilization

-Picked up paper making from Song China

-Translated Latin and Greek text into Arabic

Civil Service Exam

A series if tests designed to choose the most studious candidates to work within the Chinese government.

-Ensured stability and success of the Chinese government

-Set them up as regional powers in East Asia

-Continuation helping to unify the empire under common beliefs and giving them legitimacy to rule

Sinicization

Process responsible for the spread of Han Chinese ideas and customs within and without China

-Helped shape east and southeast Asia into its modern day form

EXAMPLE:

Korea: impressed by political and economic success of China conducted sinicization as Korean scholars traveled to China to consult with confucian scholars returning with the latest Chinese books, technology, and ideas.

As a result the elite classes of Korea adopted confucianism

Neo Confucianism

A term for the rationalist revival of Confucianism in response to Daoism and Buddhism

-Built foundation for the re introduction of the Civil Service Exam in Song China

-Created a harmonious society and state

-Promoted ideas of education and scholars

Khanate

States ruled by a khan. The four units into which Chinggis divided the Mongol empire.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace within the Mongol empire which allowed for the safe trade of customs and ideas between the east and the west.

Champa Rice

Quick maturing drought resistant Rice that allows two harvests in a single growing season

-Urbanization

-Led to population boom in Song China

-Improved diet

-Increased exports

-Came from Champa Kingdom in Vietnam due to China’s tributary system

Foot Binding

The Chinese custom of breaking and tightly binding the feet of young girls in order to alter the shape and size of their feet

-Mark of beauty for the elite

-Unable to walk

-Restricted them from an education and kept them at home to submit to their husband's

-Confined to their homes

Chinese Junks

An ancient Chinese sailing ship that improved shipbuilding techniques and voyages

-Easy to sail and guide leading to increase in trade

-Used for military and warfare expanding china’s military strength at the time

Gunpowder

Invented in China during the Sing Dynasty for medicinal purposes before being applied to warfare

Magnetic Compass

An instrument used for Navigation and orientation that shows you direction of Travel and invented in China

-Gave sailors the courage to venture farther from sight of land

-Changed the way humans explored and charted the globe

HaiJin

Sea ban isolationist policies in China restricting private maritime trading

Flying Cash

A system of credit that allowed merchants to deposit money under their name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location

-Bills of exchange were a new financial tool developed as traders needed a safer way to move their wealth along the Silk Roads.

-As trade volumes along the Silk Roads increased, the need for a more flexible and secure method of payment became evident. Bills of exchange evolved as a solution, allowing merchants to issue written orders directing payments to a third party, often in a distant location.

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Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled along the silk road to Chinese court of Kublai Khan in the late 13th century

Bushido

A code and way of life for the Samurai in feudal Japan

Ibn Buttuta

A Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler who wrote detailed accounts of his visits across Eurasia and Dar-Al-Islam

• Wrote the Rihla

• contributed to the movement of Dar al Islam and preserved the influences that Islam had on the globe.

Meritocracy

A social system in which people’s success in life depends primarily on their talents, abilities, and efforts.

Taoism

A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature

Mandate of Heaven

Spiritual and Moral beliefs that legitimized the rule of Chinese dynasties as the rightful rulers in the eyes of God

Minamoto Yoritomo

Founder and first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate

Genghis Khan

Founder and great Khan of the Mongol empire who became a powerful military leader by uniting the various Mongol tribes and founding the Mongol empire

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol yuan dynasty in China

Silk Road

An ancient and vast trade network connecting (that connected) Eurasia and North Africa via land and sea routes

Buddhism

A religion based on the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama

-4 Noble Truth: (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path

-Eight

Death of Buddha (483 BCE) = Buddhism split - Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim voyager during Ming Dynasty who took a series of voyages across Eurasia

• Expanded china’s political influence /intended to display china’s power and culture

• Goal was to extend tribute system

• Wanted to satisfy Emperor Yongles desire for glory

Filial Piety

An attitude of respect for parents and ancestors in societies influenced by confucian thought

Medicine in Dar Al Islam

During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars in the Islamic world made significant contributions to medicine, integrating knowledge from Greek, Persian, and Indian sources and significantly expanding on it. This period saw the establishment of the first hospitals, the development of new medical instruments, and the writing of medical texts that would be used for centuries.

Al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, who lived during the 9th and 10th centuries. Al-Razi is celebrated for writing the “Kitab al-Hawi,” a comprehensive encyclopedia of medicine that compiled his observations on contagious diseases and allergies along with the knowledge of previous scholars.

Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna, whose “Canon of Medicine” became one of the most important medical texts throughout the medieval world. Completed in the early 11th century, this work systematically organized all existing medical knowledge and introduced significant concepts of medicine such as the importance of diet and the impact of climate and environment on health.

Medicine Dar islam pt.2

Pharmacology also advanced under the scholars of Dar al-Islam. They developed and refined techniques for extracting active ingredients from plants and minerals and were pioneers in the field of pharmacopoeia, which cataloged drugs and detailed recipes for creating complex medications.

The Islamic world also saw the establishment of the first hospitals, which were institutions that combined care for patients, medical education, and research.The most renowned of these was the Al-Mansuri Hospital in Cairo, which included a library and lecture rooms and served as a model for future hospitals in both the Muslim and Christian worlds.

The medical advancements made during the medieval Islamic Golden Age were profound and lasting. The integration of knowledge from diverse cultures, combined with original contributions, led to innovations that formed the basis of modern medicine. The legacy of these pioneering scholars continued to influence the medical field long after the medieval period, shaping the practice of medicine in both the Islamic world and Europe for centuries to come.

Advancements In literature

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah was a Sufi master and poet. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing

Nasir Al Dun Tusi

a Persian mathematician and cosmologist he provided a model for the movement of the planets inspired the copernican model of the solar system.

Crigonometry as a field

Caravanserai

rest stops where merchants and travelers could store their goods, purchase a meal, sleep, and rest their animals during their journey along the Silk Road. This enabled merchants to travel along the Silk Road with a stronger sense of safety.

Diaspora

dispersed populations that moved or scattered away from their homelands, but all the while maintaining cultural ties.

Zoroastrianism

a monotheistic religion believed to be founded as early as the 10th century. The religion is about the teachings of Zoroaster and believes in the god Ahura Mazda, the creator of all and all-good upholder of truth. The main principles of Zoroastrianism are free will and happiness.

Srivijaya Empire

The Srivijaya Empire was a dominant thalassocratic Indonesian city-state based on the island of Sumatra, which influenced much of Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 12th century AD.

Srivijaya Empire was led by a monarchy.

This maritime power controlled key chokepoints of maritime Southeast Asia, especially around the Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait, crucial for trade. Srivijaya grew wealthy through its control of regional trade and as a center for Buddhist learning

Tamerlane

definition: last great central Asian (turko-mongol) nomadic land conqueror. -

Monastacism

A religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work

Inca

The Inca Empire was a vast political entity that existed in western South America from the 15th to the 16th century. It was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

Both the Aztec and Inca were animists and polytheists.

Centralized Power

Massive bureaucracy

Mita system

Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu: An ancient Incan city set high up on Andes Mountains; it's one of the most famous archaeological sites worldwide.

Terrace Farming

Terrace Farming: A type of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces, used extensively by the Incas due to their mountainous terrain.

Incan writing system

Quipu: An ancient Incan device for recording information, made of variously colored threads knotted differently ways.

Aztec Empire

The Aztec Empire was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from 1345 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico. They're known for their rich mythology, impressive architecture, and complex social structure.

Tenochtitlan: This was the capital city of the Aztec Empire, located where Mexico City stands today. Amazing architecture and market places (pyramids and temples)

Quetzalcoatl: An important god in the Aztec pantheon who was associated with wind, air, and learning.

established a number of markets, called tianquiztli, where merchants could buy and sell goods.

Both the Aztec and Inca were animists and polytheists.

Decentralized power

Relied on Tributary relationships/ had a tribute system

Human sacrifice became key motivated for expansion:sun god needed blood

Ethnic people: Mexica

Mita system

Mita was a system of labor obligations in the Inca Empire in South America. Under the mita system, all male citizens of the empire were required to perform a certain amount of labor for the state each year. The labor that was required varied depending on the individual's age, occupation, and social status.

was used to construct and maintain public works, such as roads, bridges, and irrigation systems, as well as to support the military and the bureaucracy

Chinampas

A form of Mesoamerican agriculture in which farmers cultivated crops in rectangular plots of land on lake beds;

Sundiata Keita:

: Sundiata Keita was the founder and first emperor of the Mali Empire in West Africa during the 13th century.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the oldest independent country in Africa,

This eastern kingdom was a lone Christian kingdom in a region converting to Islam.

Trans Saharan Trade route

The trans-Saharan trade network was a trade route that connected the Mediterranean region with sub-Saharan Africa. The trade network spanned the Sahara Desert and facilitated the exchange of a wide variety of goods, including salt, gold, ivory, and slaves

Patriarchal

a system of society in which men hold the power

Animism

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have souls

Swahili City States

East African city-states that emerged in the 8th century CE from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements

Islam influenced the swahili language which is a mixture of Bantu languages and Arabic

Printing Press

Invented around 1440 in Germany by Johannes Gutenberg, this machine mechanized the process of printing text onto paper. It played a key role in spreading literature during the Renaissance period.

Increased literacy rates among the common people

Europe: Dark Ages

After the fall of Rome, Europe, specifically Western Europe, was dominated by smaller kingdoms and regional power

. Feudalism was a social, economic, and political system that was prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages. It was based on the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. Under

At the top is the monarch, often a king. He basically “owned” all of the land and would grant land, called fiefs, to elites called lords. The lords would then grant some of their own land to other individuals. Those who were granted land were called vassals. Vassals owed food, labor, and military service to the lords above them. Many kings and lords, as well as the church, would hire knights to protect their wealth and power.

Land was sometimes worked on by those who were not the lords to others. These serfs were not slaves but owned no land, thus were very tied to the lord who granted them permission to work the land.

Magna Carta

Magna Carta, also known as the Great Charter, is a document that was signed in 1215 by King John of England. It was an agreement between the king and his subjects that established certain rights and freedoms for the English people and limited the power of the monarchy.

it established the principle that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and that the king was subject to the law.

Served as a model for later constitutional documents, such as the English Bill of Rights and the U.S. Constitution.

Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Renaissance is known for its revival of classical learning and the emergence of a new way of thinking that placed a greater emphasis on the individual.

people began to question traditional ways of thinking and to explore new ideas in art, science, literature, and philosophy. The Renaissance is often considered a bridge between the Middle Ages and the modern era, as it marks the transition from medieval to modern ways of thinking.

Humanism: shifted to human potential, emphasizing reason and rationality and emphasis on beauty

Some of the greatest authors, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce.

Little ice age

The Little Ice Age refers to a period of global cooling that occurred between approximately AD 1200 and AD 1450. This climate change resulted in colder temperatures, shortened growing seasons, and altered weather patterns.

Kieran rus

Kievan Rus' was an ancient, medieval kingdom in Eastern Europe and Western Russia

100 years war

The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) was a series of conflicts between England and France over the French throne, which significantly influenced the political landscape of Western Europe.

Serfdom

Serfdom was an institutional system which obliged a peasant to provide forced labor services to his landlord in exchange for being allowed to occupy land.

Manorialism

a system of organizing society and the economy around the ownership and management of land. Under manorialism, the land was divided into manors, which were large agricultural estates owned by lords or nobles

Caravan

A group of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels.