AP Euro Sem Review

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. From the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.

Northern Renaissance

A period in which artists north of the Alps—namely, in the Low Countries (the Netherlands and Belgium), Germany, France, and England— adopted and adapted the ideas of the Italian Renaissance.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (Homerus, Plato, Cicero, Augustinus, Erasmus, Voltaire).

Secularism

Any movement in society directed away from otherworldliness to life on earth.

Individualism

A political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.

Civic humanism

A form of classical republicanism that involves the fusion of participatory political engagement with classical learning as revived in the Renaissance.

Printing press

A machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper or other media by means of ink.

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters.

Vernacular language

The common language of a medieval region had little or no expression in writing. The first and most widespread written language of Europe was its literary language, Latin.

Protestant Reformation

The widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church.

Patronage of the Arts

Someone who acts as a patron to or supports charities, organizations, and individuals that work in or concern the arts.

Mannerism

Elegance, and sensual distortion of the human figure; mostly show elongated and distorted symbols in which the artists aim to make art look elegant.

Baroque

Real or implied movement, an attempt to represent infinity, an emphasis on light and its effects, and a focus on the theatrical.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Copernicus

A Polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father of modern astronomy; the first European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, the heliocentric theory of the solar system.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars.

Newton

English scientist and philosopher who formulated the Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation; was a leading figure of the Scientific Revolution.

William Harvey

The first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.

Galen

He distinguished seven pairs of cranial nerves, described the valves of the heart, and observed the structural differences between arteries and veins, and that the arteries carry blood, not air.

Francis Bacon

Played an indirect role in the contribution to plate tectonic theory and solid Earth geophysics but was influential to all in the scientific community. Francis Bacon created the Scientific Method, also known as the Bacon Method.

Rene Descartes

He helped establish multiple principles of philosophy, including modern rationalism.

Witchcraft

Religious practice involving magic and affinity with nature, usually within a pagan tradition.

Alchemy

Medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation.

Astrology

The study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world.

Centralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is restricted to higher levels of management in an organization.

New Monarchies

Focused on creating a centralized government by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, and pushing religious reform to gain greater control over religious practices; Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Thirty Years War

The last major war to be fought over religious issues, as European rulers were cementing their power and became serious rivals to the influence of the church.

Peace of Westphalia

Brought an end to the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War.

Holy Roman Empire

A dominion for Christendom continuing in the tradition of the ancient Roman Empire and was characterized by strong papal authority.

The Prince (Machiavelli)

Machiavelli's effort to provide a guide for political action based on the lessons of history and his own experience as a foreign secretary in Florence.

Balance of Power

This was the idea that a country could be safe by ensuring that no one country had to much power.

Military Revolution

The Military Revolution was the time where many new weapons, strategies and war tactics were developed/enhanced.

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy refers to a government system that consists of departments that are run by appointed members of the government.

English Civil War

The conflict that arose due to the efforts by monarchs to force England to become an absolute monarchy. The two main sides of this fight were the Parliamentarians who were against absolute monarchy and the Royalists who were in favor of it.

Parliament

Parliament was the group of legislatures who often worked with the ruler to represent the voices of the people in that kingdom.

Christian humanism

This was the idea that Church ideals can be combined or even related with humanism ideas, such as individualism and reformative practices.

Protestant Reformation

Erasmus

Erasmus was the scholar who called for people to read the bible and reform the church. He also criticized the church for lacking focus on religion, and prioritizing money/financial value.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was the Christian Humanism credited for sparking the Protestant Reformation, he wrote the 95 Theses to speak out against indulgences and emphasizes reading the bible.

95 Theses

The 95 Theses was the document made by Luther that stated why indulgences were bad and took away from the religious values of the church. He eventually nailed these to the door of the church after he was employed to sell indulgences.

John Calvin

John Calvin was another advocate who had seen what Luther did and agreed with it. Some of the new ideas that he developed were those of “the elect” and “predestination.” (Calvinism was then established based on his teachings)

Anabaptists

The Anabaptists were people who agreed with what Calvin and Luther said, however, they thought that more needed to be done, and that they didn’t do enough. This credited them with being ‘radical’ and for starting the “radical revolution.”

Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation

The Catholic Reformation was the series of events completed by the Church after the Protestant Reformation, in response to the actions that previously occurred.

Jesuits

The Jesuits are an all-male group of missionaries who helped to convert others to Christianity. They were started by Ignatius Loyola and emphasized traditional Christian values.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was the group of people that met throughout the Catholic Reformation to revisit Church Practice/Teachings. They also made some changes to the Catholic Procedures due to growing issues.

Henry VIII (England)

Henry VIII was the ruler of England who broke relations with the Pope due to him not allowing Henry’s remarriage. He is also credited for causing the Act of Supremacy to make the King the Head of The Church.

Elizabeth I (England)

Elizabeth, I ruled after Mary, and tried to change the church back to Anglicanism. She is known for not being harsh like many of the rulers before/after her, regarding religion.

French Wars of Religion- The French Wars of Religion were a series of conflicts that were fought between the Catholic and Protestant people over religion.

Edict of Nantes 1598

The Edict of Nantes was the document that was signed by Henry IV, that gave more rights to the Huguenots, who were previously prosecuted for their religious beliefs.

Religious pluralism

Religious Pluralism is the idea that multiple religions that are not alike can be allowed and practiced in the same space without interference/one religion being prosecuted.

Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration was the period where countries would explore certain areas, such as America and Africa, so that they could better understand the World, gain territory, and find resources.

New World

The New World is a term to describe the Americas, or where the Europeans explored/found during the Age of Exploration.

Gold, God, Glory

3 main causes/reasons for exploring the Americas and other areas during the Exploration Age.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was the way of measuring how much money a country had, based on how much gold and silver that country had accumulated.

Missionaries

Missionaries were those people who traveled to other countries/areas to promote Christianity and often converted people to Christianity.

Cartography

the making and study of maps

Navigational advances

Advances in how people traveled such as the compass, the lateen rig, and the astrolabe

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, and diseases b/w Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and New World

African slave trade

delivering goods in Africa for slaves to send back to Eurasian and American countries

Commercial capitalism

original system of capitalism

Family Banking houses

banks started by rich families that lent out money to businesses, the church, and governments

Amsterdam

known for shipping and trading industry in the 1600's

London

Subsistence agriculture

self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families

Field rotation

three field system where crops were rotated across three pieces of land was prominent in the North of Europe while the two-field system was popular in the Mediterranean region

Price Revolution

a series of as economic events refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period

Serfdom

system of agricultural labor popular in eastern Europe in which peasants had no rights or freedoms and were bound to the land

Social dislocation

the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue

Little Ice Age

a period between about 1300 and 1870 during which Europe and North America were subjected to much colder winters than during the 20th century

Witchcraft

100,00 people prosecuted throughout Europe; confessed after torture; mainly older women accused; women were seen as inferior

Absolute monarchy

rulers who held all the power in a country

Divine Right

a monarch’s power is derived directly from God

Louis XIV

King of France (1774-1792); in 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed; executed in 1793

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

wanted to increase wealth and power of France through mercantilism; founded luxury industries; regulated quality of foods produced; built roads and canals

Enlightened Absolutism

European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers

Partition of Poland

division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe

Peter the Great (Russia)

made Russia military and naval power using European technology; enforced economic, educational, administrative, military, and social reform; focused on westernization of Russian culture

Glorious Revolution

reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange

Dutch Republic

Northern Dutch that fought for independence against Spain; their culture and economy will flourish during the 1600s

Merchant oligarchy

a business leader can be considered an oligarch if the following conditions are satisfied: uses monopolistic tactics to dominate an industry; possesses sufficient political power to promote their own interests; controls multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities

Prussia

German state in central Europe

Battle of Vienna

The Habsburgs repelled the Ottoman Empire out of Europe

Ottoman Empire

took over Constantinople and taxed the trade routes

Louis XIV’s wars

conflicts during his reign including the War of Spanish Succession to expand French influence.

Anglo-French rivalry

colonial competition between Britain and France as the dominant powers.

French Revolution

sought to change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed Liberal Phase of the FR – first stage of the French Revolution which established constitutional monarchy and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens

Liberal Phase of the FR

first stage of the French Revolution which established constitutional monarchy and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens

Execution of Louis XVI

symbol of absolutism in French who was beheaded in the French Revolution

Jacobin Republic

radical phase pf the French Revolution where the Jacobin faction dominated.

Robespierre

Jacobin leader during the French Revolution mainly with the Reign of Terror. Was later beheaded.

Reign of Terror

period during the French Revolution with mass executions or enemies of the revolution

de-Christianization

policy during the French Revolution that aimed to remove religious influence from the French society

Revolutionary Army

military force during the French Revolution who defended against threats

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of Haitian Revolution who first fought for the Spanish, but later switched sides to fight for the French. His contributions allowed France to take back the territory.

Haitian Revolution

slave revolt in the French colony, Saint-Domingue. Led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader during the French Revolution and became the self-appointed Emperor of French

Napoleonic Military Tactics

the use of rapid movement and concentrated firepower

Nationalism

loyalty and devotion to one’s nation.

Congress of Vienna

conferences to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and restore stability and balance of power.

Market Economy

decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand and have limited government intervention