Untitled Flashcards Set

Energy Balance Equation

The equation describing weight management: Energy In (Calories consumed) = Energy Out (Calories burned).

Positive energy balance

Occurs when more calories are consumed than burned, leading to weight gain.

Negative energy balance

Occurs when more calories are burned than consumed, leading to weight loss.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The largest portion of energy expenditure; energy used by the body at rest to maintain basic functions.

Factors that affect BMR

Includes lean body mass, age (decreases with age), and gender.

Physical Activity (PA)

Includes exercise and non-exercise activities, accounts for approximately 15–35% of total energy expenditure.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The energy required to digest, absorb, transport, and store nutrients, comprising about 5–10% of energy expenditure.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measurement calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared; used to assess body weight categories.

Limitations of BMI

It doesn't differentiate between fat and muscle and may misclassify individuals based on body composition.

Body composition

The proportion of fat versus lean tissue in the body.

Essential fat

Fat necessary for hormone production and organ protection.

Upper-body (android) fat distribution

Fat accumulation around the abdomen, more common in males and associated with higher disease risk.

Lower-body (gynoid) fat distribution

Fat accumulation around the hips and thighs, more common in females and associated with lower disease risk.

Components of a Sound Weight Loss Program

Includes slow, steady weight loss, caloric deficit, combined with healthy diet, physical activity, and behavior changes.

RED-S

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, occurs when energy intake is too low to support body functions and training.

Breastfeeding benefits for mothers

Includes helping the uterus return to size, aiding postpartum weight loss, and lowering cancer risks.

Folate deficiency

Can lead to neural tube defects during pregnancy; important to have adequate intake before and during early pregnancy.

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency

Includes fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Obesity in the U.S.

Over 42% of U.S. adults are obese, primarily due to processed food intake and sedentary lifestyles.

Pica

Craving and eating non-food substances, often indicative of nutrient deficiencies.

Gestational Diabetes

High blood glucose during pregnancy that usually resolves after birth, posing risks to both mother and child.

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB)

Newborns require vitamin K to prevent bleeding disorders, given by injection at birth.

Cancer Stages

Includes initiation (mutation), promotion (cell multiplication), and progression (tumor spread).

Fluoride benefits

Strengthens tooth enamel and reduces cavities.

Hemochromatosis

A genetic disorder causing iron overload, leading to damage in various organs.