CH 12 PSY 110

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15 Terms

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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A procedure used to evaluate the differences between two or more treatments (groups), allowing comparison of means across multiple groups.

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Null Hypothesis (H0)

In ANOVA, it states that the means of all groups are equal (μ1 = μ2 = μ3).

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Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

The statement that at least one group mean is different from the others, thus rejecting the Null Hypothesis.

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F-ratio

A test statistic used in ANOVA to compare the variance between groups to the variance within groups.

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Within-Treatments Variability

The variability of subjects within the same treatment group, caused solely by chance or experimental error.

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Between-Treatments Variability

The differences between sample means, which may be due to treatment effects or chance.

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Mean Square (MS)

Variance estimates used in ANOVA, calculated from Sums of Squares (SS) divided by their respective degrees of freedom.

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Degrees of Freedom (df) for ANOVA

The number of independent values that can vary in the analysis, critical for calculating Mean Squares and F-ratios.

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Total Sums of Squares (SSTotal)

A measure of total variability in the data, calculated from the squared differences between each score and the grand mean.

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Post-hoc Tests

Additional hypothesis tests conducted after an ANOVA to determine which specific group means are significantly different from one another.

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Grand Mean (MG)

The average of all scores in a study, used as a reference point in ANOVA.

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Homogeneity of Variance

An assumption of ANOVA stating that the populations from which the samples are drawn must have equal variances.

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F-distribution

The distribution of the F-ratio, characterized by positive values and clustering close to 1.00 when the null hypothesis is true.

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Critical Region

The area of the F-distribution that defines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis, based on a specified alpha level (e.g., α = .05).

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Variance

A method of measuring how much the scores in a dataset differ from the mean, used in calculating ANOVA.