Honors Biology Semester 1 Final

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

CHEMGER: cells, homeostatis, energy, metabolism, growth, evolution, reproduction

What is the difference between a molecule, atom, compound, and element? (give an example)

order in size: atom, element, molecule, compound
O O H2O H2O
atoms make elements
2+ atoms make molecules
2+ elements make compounds

How is an ion different than an atom? (2 reasons)

an ion has a net charge and has lost or gain electrons

How are ionic compounds different than covalent?

ionic compounds combine a positive and negatively charged atom
covalent compounds combine two postively charged atoms

How are ionic bonds different than covalent?

ionic bonds steal electrons and covalent bonds share electrons

On a pH scale, where do acids fall?

1-7

On a pH scale, where do bases fall?

7-14

On a pH scale, where do nuetral items fall?

7

What is an example of a common acid?

lemon juice, vinegar, apple juice

What is an example of a common base?

ammonia

What is an example of a common neutral item?

water

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates?

C H2 O (1-2-1)

What is the ration of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in lipids?

C H(3+) O (1->2-1)

How do amino acid (protein) formulas differ from carbs or lipids or nucleic acids?

the have an NH4

What do nucleic acids have that other organic compounds do not?

PO4

What are the four organic compounds?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Which of the following is an organic compounds?
a) Ca3 (PO4 )2
b)H2 O
c)CO2
d) C6 H12 O6

d) C6 H12 O6

What does most nucleic acid look like?

double stranded or double helix

What are the two most common nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is a monosaccharide?

single sugar

What is a disaccharide?

double sugar (ie: glucose and fructose)

What is a polysaccharide?

complex carb with three or more sugars

What organic compound are enzymes?

protein

What organic compound are starches, sugars, glucose and polysaccharides?

carbohydrates

What organic compounds are wax and fats?

lipids

What organic compounds are nucleotides?

nucleic acids

How do enzymes and substrates fit together?

like lock and key

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start chemical reactions

How are catalysts related to activation energy?

reduce activation energy need

How are enzymes related to activation energy?

speed chemical reactions using activation energy up

What element do ALL organic compound have, natural or synthetic?

carbon

What is the most common source of energy for living things?

carbohydrates

What did Hooke do to help cell discovery?

saw first cells in cork

What did Leeuwenhoek do to help cell discovery?

observed cells of living things through the first microscope that he made

What did Schleiden do to help cell discovery?

developed the cell theory

What is the difference between pro- and eukaryotes?

prokaryotes have no nucleus while eukaryotes do

Give an example of a prokaryote.

bacterium

Give an example of a eukaryote.

plants and animals

Where is the cytoplasm in a cell?

from the outside of the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

Which common organic molecule type is often attached to a membrane protein that acts as an ID scanner before molecules can enter cell?

carbohydrate

What is special about the cell membrane?

it is selectively permeable

What is the role of the membrane proteins?

to recognize and transport things into/out of the cell

What is the mitochondria and what major proccess is it part of?

energy and protein factory that is involved in cellular respiration

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulums (ERs)?

smooth and rough

What is the role of the ER?

serves as a "highway" for molecules

What do the ribosomes produce?

proteins

Where in the cell do MOST of the cell's chemical reations take place?

cytoplasm

What is the role of the Golgi bodies in a cell?

to label, package, modify and ship proteins

What is the role of the Vacuoles in a cell?

to store water, energy and food

Which cell has a central vacuole and what does it do?

stores water; only in plants

Which cell has lysosomes, what are they nicknamed and what do they do?

AKA suicide sacks; kill damaged cell part; only in animals

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it's role in the cell?

network of tubes and filaments in the cytoplasm that transports things

What is make-up of the cell membrane?

it contains a phospholipids bi-layer (made of phosphates and lipids)

When large pieces or a large quantity of water or ions are needed and diffusion, osmosis or facilitated diffusion will not work, how will a cell trap what it needs to BRING IN materials?

active transport - endocytosis

When very large pieces or a large quantity of water or ions are needed and diffusion, osmosis or facilitated diffusion will not work, how will a cell REMOVE material?

active transport - exocytosis

What is an isotonic solution?

equal water-salt ratio outside of a cell

What is a hypotonic solution?

more water than salt outside of a cell

What is a hypertonic solution?

more salt than water outside of a cell

Distinguish between the reactant and product.

reactions start with the reactant and end with the product

What are the reactants needed by photosyntheisis?

CO2 and H2O

What are the reactants needed by cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 and O2

What energy molecule is produced by cellular respiration?

ATP energy

Why is NADP+ important in photosythesis?

it accepts and carries electrons and enters the Calvin Cylce as NADPH

Why is NADH and FADH2 important to the Electron Transport Chain of cellular respiration?

when NADH and FADH2 release H atoms ATP is produced

Do plant, animal or both cells go through photosythesis?

plant

Do plant, animal or both cells go through cellular respiration?

both

Is CO2 (carbon dioxide) an organic compound?

no

After glycolysis, if cells are deprived of O2, what process kicks in to transform pyruvic acid molecules to get energy?

fermentation

What are the two types of fermentation?

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O ---sunlight---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Give the chemical equation for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What does it mean when two sets of chromosomes are homologous?

they have the same DNA sequences

What is a tetrad and during which phase of Meiosis are they formed?

4 sister chromosomes; formed during Prophase 1

How many chromatid are in a tetrad?

4

What results from the process of crossing over?

recombination

What do gametes have inside of them? (How many alleles?)

one

What process creates gametes?

Meiosis

Define: diploid cell

full number of chromosomes

Define: haploid cell

half the chromosome count

During what phase of Meiosis do chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell?

Metaphase 1

During what phase of Meiosis do spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to ends of cell?

Anaphase 1

During what phase of Meiosis do four haploid daughter cells form?

Telophase 2 (cytokinesis)

During what phase of Meiosis do cells undergo a round of DNA replication?

Prophase 1

During what phase of Meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?

Anaphase 2

During what phase of Meiosis do chromosomes form tetrads?

Prophase 1

During what phase of Meiosis do two haploid daughter cells form?

Telophase 1 (cytokinesis)

During what phase of Meiosis do spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromsomes?

early Metaphase 1

During what phase of Meiosis do individual chromatids move to each end of the cell?

Anaphase 2

During what phase of Meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

How are the resulting cells from meiosis different from those from mitosis?

Meiosis: 4 cells, reproductive cells, haploid cells
Mitosis: 2 cells, body cells, diploid cells

Describe the genetic contents of the cells resulting from Mitosis.

2 pair of homologous chromosomes, diploid at end, chromosomes same

Describe the genetic contents of the cells resulting from Meiosis.

starts with diploid reproductive cells, haploid at end, chromosomes different from crossing over

What are all of the stages of cell cycle in Mitosis?

G1, S, G2, Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis

What happens in Prophase of Mitosis?

DNA duplicates, spindle fibers appear, nucleolous and nuclear membrane disappear

What happens in Metaphase of Mitosis?

chromatids line up along the equator, spindle fibers stretch from one end to another, centromere attaches to one spindle fiber

What happens in Anaphase of Mitosis?

centrioles pull on spindle fibers, chromosomes split into two equal parts, chromosomes moved by centriole action, chromosomes stop moving at end

What happens in Telophase of Mitosis?

nucleoplasm pinches off, chromosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell, a nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome, nucleolous shows up, completely pinch off and you have two separate nucleus

What does one nucleotide consist of?

dioxyribose sugar, phosphate and bases

What are the monomers of DNA?

nucleotides