Human A&P 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Ausculation

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

Renal Physiology

Kidney function & urine production

Neurophysiology

Workings of the nervous system

Cardiovascular Physiology

Operations of heart & blood vessels

Principle of Complementary Structure & Function

Function always reflects structure

6 Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical Level

2. Cellular Level

3. Tissue Level

4. Organ Level

5. Organ System Level

6. Organismal Level

4 Basic Tissue Types

1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Muscle Tissue

3. Connective Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue

Chemical Level

• Atoms combine to form molecules

• Molecules form organelles

Cellular Level

Different types of cells throughout the body

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells that have a common function

Organ Level

• Discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types

• Extremely complex functions are possible

Organ System Level

• Organs work together to accomplish a common purpose

Organismal Level

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

12 Human Body Systems

1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Male Reproductive System

12. Female Reproductive System

Integumentary System

• Forms external body covering/protects tissues

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Cutaneous pain

Skeletal System

• Protects & supports body organs

• Provides framework for muscles

  • Blood cells formed within bones

Muscular System

• Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression

  • Maintains posture, produces heat

Nervous System

• Body control system

  • Responds to changes by activating appropriate glands & muscles

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate

  • growth

  • reproduction

    • metabolism

Cardiovascular System

• Blood vessels transport blood, carries O2 & CO2 etc

• Heart pumps blood

Lymphatic System

• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Houses white blood cells

  • Involved in immune response

Respiratory System

• Keeps blood constantly supplied with O2

• Removes CO2

Digestive System

• Breaks down food for absorption

  • Eliminates waste as feces

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous waste

• Regulates in blood:

  • water

  • electrolyte

  • acid-base balance

Male Reproductive System

• Functions to produce offspring

  • Testes produce sperm

Female Reproductive System

• Functions to produce offspring

• Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones

  • Mammary glands produce milk

Maintaining Organismal Boundaries

All organisms must maintain its boundaries so that internal environment remains distinct from the external environment

Movement

Includes activities promoted by the muscular system

Contractility

Muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

Responsiveness

Ability to sense change in the environment and respond to it

Digestion

Breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules absorbed by the blood

Metabolism

• Chemical reactions that occur within a cell

• Decomposition & synthesis

• Regulated largely by hormones

Reproduction

• Cellular level reproduction

• Organismal level reproduction