Pharmacology and Fluid Volume Lecture (copy)

Potassium-sparing diuretic

A type of diuretic that helps the body retain potassium while eliminating water and sodium; Spironolactone is the primary example.

Furosemide

A loop diuretic used to treat fluid overload; also known as Lasix.

Hyperkalemia

A condition characterized by elevated potassium levels in the blood.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

A state indicating a lack of sufficient fluid in the body.

Hypovolemia

A state of low blood volume where both electrolytes and fluids are lost in similar proportions.

Dehydration

Loss of fluids without an equal loss of sodium, often resulting in high sodium levels.

Third spacing

Fluid trapped in interstitial spaces where it is not usable by the body, leading to signs of fluid volume excess.

Ototoxicity

Toxicity to the ear, often indicated by symptoms such as tinnitus or ringing in the ears.

Insensible losses

Fluid losses that are not easily measurable, such as through respiration.

Daily weight monitoring

The practice of daily weighing a patient to assess fluid status.

Polydipsia

Increased thirst due to fluid volume deficit.

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often due to cirrhosis.

Jugular vein distension (JVD)

Bulging of the neck veins, indicative of fluid overload.

Tachycardia

Increased heart rate, often a compensatory mechanism during fluid volume deficit.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

Also known as hypervolemia; occurs when both sodium and water are retained in the body.

Bumetanide (Bumex)

A loop diuretic administered intravenously to promote diuresis.

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate)

A medication used to treat hyperkalemia by promoting potassium elimination through the bowel.

Fluid Challenge

Administering a specific amount of fluid over a designated time to assess kidney function.

Cerebral edema

Swelling of the brain due to excess fluid, potentially leading to neurological symptoms.

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Condition where the kidneys fail to concentrate urine, leading to excessive urination.

Renal insufficiency

Reduced ability of the kidneys to filter waste, affecting fluid and electrolyte balance.

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure, often seen in fluid volume deficit.

Skin turgor

The skin's elasticity; poor turgor can indicate dehydration.

Patient education for diuretics

Teaching clients about proper diuretic usage, including timing and monitoring for side effects.

Daily fluid intake recommendations

Guidelines for how much fluid a patient should consume to maintain balance.

Breast milk or formula

The recommended exclusive nutrition for infants for the first six months of life, discouraging plain water.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy necessitating medical intervention.

Temperature dysregulation

Altered body temperature response due to fluid volume imbalances.

Compensatory mechanisms

Physiological adjustments by the body to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in fluid volume.

Fluid overload management

Strategies to prevent or treat excess fluid in patients, including dietary restrictions and positional therapy.

Normal saline

A common intravenous solution used for fluid resuscitation.

Cognitive effects of dehydration

Impairments such as confusion that can occur due to fluid volume deficits.

Electrolyte dilution

Dilution of electrolytes in the blood due to fluid volume excess.

Parenteral nutrition

Nutritional support given intravenously, potentially affecting fluid balance.