Nutrition and Diet Therapy – Midterm Review (Modules 1-8)

Vocabulary flashcards covering essential terms and definitions from Nutrition & Diet Therapy Modules 1–8 for midterm preparation.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Promotive goal of nursing

Actions that support behaviors conducive to health.

Preventive goal of nursing

Measures designed to protect individuals or groups from harm to their health.

Curative goal of nursing

Measures intended to correct or remove disease or illness.

Rehabilitative goal of nursing

Actions aimed at restoring health and promoting recovery after alterations in health.

Caregiver (nursing role)

Helps clients promote, restore, and maintain dignity, health, and wellness.

Educator/Teacher (nursing role)

Focuses on health-promotion teaching activities for clients.

Advocate (nursing role)

Promotes what is best for the client and protects client rights.

Maslow’s Physiologic Needs

Basic needs such as oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temperature regulation, elimination, rest, and sex.

Virginia Henderson’s unique nursing function

Assisting individuals, sick or well, in activities contributing to health or recovery.

Good nutrition

Adequate intake of nutrients providing health, happiness, efficiency, and longevity.

Digestion

Process by which foods are broken down for body use in growth, development, and healing.

Absorption

Transport of digested nutrients through intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph.

Metabolism

Cellular chemical processes allowing energy use, growth, and repair.

Carbohydrate

Organic compound of C, H, O supplying 4 kcal/g; primary energy source.

Monosaccharide

Simplest carbohydrate requiring little digestion; examples: glucose, fructose, galactose.

Glucose

"Blood sugar"; principal form used by body cells; moderately sweet.

Fructose

Fruit sugar; sweetest natural sugar; found in ripe fruits and honey.

Galactose

Derived from lactose digestion; not found free in nature.

Disaccharide

Carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides; sucrose, maltose, lactose.

Sucrose

Table or cane sugar; glucose + fructose.

Maltose

Malt sugar from starch digestion; glucose + glucose.

Lactose

Milk sugar; least sweet; glucose + galactose.

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrate of many monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, fiber.

Glycogen

Animal starch stored in liver and muscle for energy.

Dietary fiber

Indigestible plant cell-wall material adding bulk and aiding peristalsis.

Ketosis

Formation of ketone bodies from fat when carbohydrate is insufficient.

Gluconeogenesis

Conversion of protein (amino acids) to glucose.

Steatorrhea

Excess fat in feces indicating fat malabsorption.

Triglyceride

Chemical name for neutral fat—glycerol plus three fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acid without double bonds; solid; raises LDL cholesterol.

Monounsaturated fatty acid

One double bond; oleic acid; found in olive and peanut oils.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Two or more double bonds; includes omega-3 and omega-6 oils.

Essential fatty acids

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids that the body cannot synthesize.

Cholesterol

Steroid found in animal tissues; precursor of hormones and bile acids.

Protein

Organic compound with C, H, O, N; 4 kcal/g; building blocks of tissue.

Essential amino acid (EAA)

Amino acid the body cannot synthesize; must be supplied by diet.

Kwashiorkor

Protein-deficiency malnutrition with edema and fatty liver, ages 1-6 yr.

Marasmus

Protein-calorie starvation with severe wasting, ages 6 mo-4 yr.

Vitamins

Organic compounds needed in small amounts; do not supply energy.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K; absorbed with fat, stored, deficiency develops slowly.

Water-soluble vitamins

B-complex and C; not stored, excess excreted, deficiency develops quickly.

Vitamin A (retinol)

Supports vision, epithelial integrity; deficiency causes night blindness, xerophthalmia.

Carotenemia

Yellow skin discoloration from excess carotene/vitamin A intake.

Vitamin D (calciferol)

Facilitates calcium and phosphorus absorption; deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia.

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Antioxidant protecting cell membranes; deficiency causes hemolytic anemia.

Vitamin K

Needed for blood clotting (prothrombin); synthesized by gut flora.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Antioxidant; aids iron absorption and wound healing; prevents scurvy.

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Coenzyme in energy metabolism; deficiency causes beriberi.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Maintains skin and eyes; deficiency causes ariboflavinosis, glossitis.

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Supports digestion and nerves; deficiency causes pellagra (3 Ds).

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Amino-acid metabolism; deficiency causes irritability, dermatitis, convulsions.

Folate (Vitamin B9)

DNA synthesis; deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, neural-tube defects.

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

RBC maturation, myelin maintenance; deficiency causes pernicious anemia.

Calcium

Macro-mineral for bones, teeth, muscle contraction; deficiency leads to osteoporosis.

Phosphorus

Bone formation and energy transfer (ATP); excess impairs calcium use.

Magnesium

Cofactor regulating heart rhythm, muscle relaxation; deficiency causes weakness.

Sodium

Major extracellular cation; maintains fluid balance; excess causes edema, HTN.

Potassium

Major intracellular cation; muscle contraction, heart rhythm; deficiency causes hypokalemia.

Chloride

Major extracellular anion; part of HCl; imbalance causes acidosis/alkalosis.

Iron

Component of hemoglobin; deficiency causes microcytic anemia.

Iodine

Thyroid hormone component; deficiency causes goiter, cretinism.

Zinc

Antioxidant mineral essential for growth, immunity, wound healing.

Fluoride

Strengthens tooth enamel; excess causes fluorosis.

Selenium

Antioxidant mineral; deficiency leads to Keshan disease.

Chromium

Assists insulin action and glucose metabolism; deficiency impairs glucose tolerance.

Water functions

Solvent, nutrient transport, waste removal, temperature and acid-base regulation.

Dehydration

Water loss > 10 % body weight; symptoms include fatigue, low BP, high temp.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Energy needed at rest for vital functions; ≈ 1 kcal/kg hr (male).

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight (kg) / height (m²); 18.5-24.9 normal; ≥ 30 obese.

Desirable Body Weight (adult)

Height (cm) – 100 – 10 % (Tannhauser’s method).

Total Energy Requirement (TER)

Daily kcal needs based on DBW × physical-activity value.

Food Exchange List

Meal-planning tool grouping foods with similar macronutrient content for quick substitution.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Nutrient intake meeting needs of 50 % of healthy individuals in a group.

Recommended Energy/Nutrient Intake (RENI)

PDRI value meeting needs of nearly all (97-98 %) healthy individuals.

Adequate Intake (AI)

Approximation used when insufficient data for EAR/RNI.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Highest daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

Pinggang Pinoy

Filipino visual plate guide showing appropriate GO, GROW, GLOW food portions per meal.

Food Pyramid (Philippines)

Hierarchy of food groups emphasizing grains, fruits/vegetables, moderate protein, minimal fats/sweets.

Nutrition Care Process

ADIME: Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, Monitoring, Evaluation.

24-Hour Recall

Dietary assessment asking individual to list all foods consumed in previous day.

Anthropometry

Measurement of body dimensions (height, weight, skinfold) to assess nutrition.

MUST

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool identifying adults at risk of undernutrition.

Enteral nutrition

Feeding via GI tract (oral or tube) when swallowing impaired.

Nasogastric tube (NGT)

Tube from nose to stomach for short-term enteral feeding or decompression.

Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Intravenous delivery of nutrients via central vein when GI tract unusable.

Pica

Persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances during pregnancy.

Maternal weight gain

Recommended 25-35 lb (11.2-16 kg) for normal-weight pregnancy.

Colostrum

First breast secretion rich in antibodies and protein.

Exclusive breastfeeding

Providing only breast milk for first 6 months of life.

Complementary feeding

Introduction of appropriate foods at 6 months while continuing breastfeeding.

Physiologic anorexia (toddler)

Apparent decreased appetite due to slower growth and active play.

School-age calorie need

Approximately 2,100-2,400 kcal/day depending on age and activity.

Adolescent growth spurt

Rapid increase in height/weight requiring higher calorie and protein intake.

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder of self-starvation and extreme weight loss.

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating followed by compensatory purging, fasting, or over-exercise.

Osteoporosis

Bone thinning increasing fracture risk; prevented by calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine.

Glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.

Food fortification (RA 8976)

Mandatory addition of micronutrients to staples like flour, oil, sugar, rice in the Philippines.