TES [ALL Part 2]

True/False

One view of safety is the absence of accidents.

True

One view of safety is the acceptance of some level of risk

True

What is the general definition of ‘safety’ in aviation.

The state that the possibility of harm to persons/property is reduced & maintained at/below an acceptable level.

True/False

Hazards are always damaging.

False

Hazards are not necessarily damaging but have the potential to be _______ critical.

safety

How is safety risk assessed?

1) By predicting the probability and severity of an unsafe event.

2) Plotting a ‘Safety Risk Assessment Matrix’

In a ‘Safety Risk Assessment Matrix’ what does the cell ‘5A’ represent?

5 - Likelihood of Hazard (Very Frequent)
A - Severity of Hazard (Catastrophic)

What is a ‘Marine Casualty or Accident’ ? 

The Loss/Damage of an individual/ship

What are some DQA (Data Quality Assurance) dimensions?

1. Accessibility

2. Accuracy

3. Consistency

4. Completeness

5. Timeliness

What is the desired scores for most DQA dimensions?

50% or greater

What is meant by ‘Accessibility’?

How many data fields the dataset can provide without modifications.

What is meant by ‘Consistency’?

The percentage of data that is provided in the same manner (e.g. format) within each data field.

What is meant by ‘Completeness’?

Percentage difference of completed and missing data.
Completeness = 100 - avg % of missing values

What is meant by ‘Relevance’?

How many data fields in the data set are relevant to the analysis

What is meant by ‘Narrative’?

A contextual overview of the data, used to find contextual/contributory factors.

What is an incident?

An event (that is not an accident) that could lead to serious outcomes (could affect safety of operations).

What does it mean if a company has ‘Just Culture’?

Employees are encouraged to learn for mistakes without the fear of being systematically blamed for unintentional errors.

What is the difference between how an accident is described in aviation and maritime operations?

Maritime operation accidents also consider the pollution & potential pollution caused by damage to a vessel.

What are the 3 approaches to safety management?

1. Reactive

2. Proactive

3. Predictive

What does the Heinrich Pyramid do?

It claims that a number of innocuous incidents (pyramid base) need to occur for a serious incident (pyramid middle).

And that a number of serious incidents need to occur for an accident (pyramid top)

True/False

Incidents of lesser severity can numerically predict the higher severity accidents. 

False

True/False

Accidents in complex sociotechnical systems are due to a combination of several factors, that are not evidenced in routine incidents.

True

How does the sequential model define accidents?

As a logical series of events (including human error & component failures) that lead on to another.

What is a disadvantage of the sequential model?

Difficult to determine the starting event (how many events back from the end) that led to the accident.