MALAYSIA: SECOND WAVE OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES

Tin, rubber

Pre-War Economic Influence (1900–1945): Malaysia’s post-war development was shaped by its pre-war economy based on ___ and ___ exports.

Tin, rubber

Malaysia’s economic growth relied on natural resources like ___ and ___.

Geographical

Malaysia’s tropical climate, abundant reserves, and proximity to major trade routes supported resource-based growth: thus, it has ___ advantage.

Chinese, Indian

Immigrant Labor Policy: British allowed immigration of ___ for tin mining and ___ for rubber plantations as low-wage laborers.

Foreign

Colonial Economic Impact (British): British secured rights to develop and export tin and rubber, keeping business capital ___-owned.

Immigrated

Colonial Economic Impact (Chinese and Indians): ___ in large numbers, became vital to the British economy, prospered in urban areas.

Poorer

Colonial Economic Impact (Malays): Competed with immigrants, received low wages, became ___, and mostly lived in rural areas.

Malayan Union

1946: Established as a new political structure in Peninsular Malaya (MU).

Federation of Malaya

1948: Formed by uniting Malay States and Straits Settlements.

Malay States, Strait Settlements

The Federation of Malaya is formed by uniting ___ and ___.

Federation of Malaysia

1963: Created by merging Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore.

Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore

The Federation of Malaysia was created by merging ___, ___. ___, and ___.

Singapore

1965: Malaysia continued as a federation without ___.

Infrastructure, human capital

Economic Change (Post-War): Investments increased in ___ (roads, rail, power, ports) and ___ (health, education).

Chinese

1969 Racial Riots: Broke out between Malays and Chinese after election results favored ___-dominated opposition parties.

Tunku Abdul Rahman

1969 Racial Riots Aftermath: Resigned as Prime Minister after failing to defend Malay interests during racial tensions (TAR).

Abdul Razak Hussein

1969 Racial Riots Aftermath: Became Prime Minister; viewed as more favorable to Malays (ARH).

Rukun Negara

1969 Racial Riots Aftermath: Introduced as a pledge to promote national unity after the 1969 racial riots (RN).

Mahathir Mohammad

1969 Racial Riots Aftermath: Proposed affirmative action to economically support Malays and ease racial tensions (MM).

Hydrocarbons, oil palm

Malaysia diversified into ___ (oil, gas) and ___.

Electronics

Labor-intensive, export-oriented industries like ___ grew, linked closely with U.S. multinational companies.

Poverty, education, health

Benefits of Economic Diversification: Reduced ___, expanded ___, and improved ___ and longevity.

Natural resources

Limits of Diversification: Continued dependence on ___ and lack of innovation-driven growth.

China

Malaysia’s export-oriented industries faced pressure from ___’s manufacturing dominance.

Deforestation

Resource-based growth led to extensive palm oil cultivation and massive ___ from tropical logging.