Pharmacology Midterm Study guide

liquifies tenacious mucous

What is the purpose of mucolytics?

clients with peanut allergies, soya lecithin, soybeans, or related products; clients with hypersensitivity to atropine, ipratropium, or their components

What are the contraindications of ipratropium (atrovent)?

tachycardia, angina, tremors, anxiety, throat irritations

What are the adverse effects of albuterol?

theophylline

What respiratory drugs require a blood draw level?

rinse mouth after each use

What are some nursing interventions for corticosteroids?

Headache, gastritis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, hepatic failure, Churg-Strauss syndrome

What are the adverse effects of leukotriene blockers?

can be used as a prophylactic for seasonal allergies, exercised induced asthma, or asthma

What are the benefits of mast cell stabilizers?

dry mouth, dysphonia (hoarse voice), oral candidiasis, systemic absorption, hyperglycemia, delayed wound healing

What are the adverse effects of corticosteriods?

drug tolerance, rebound beta2 bronchoconstriction

What are the risks of overuse of albuterol inhalers?

bronchodilators such as beta2 agonists and xanthines

What drugs are used to open the airway?

peaks levels 18 to 50 mcg/mL taken 30 mins after 1st dose; trough levels 10 to 20 mcg/mL taken 30 mins before next dose

What are vancomycin peak and trough?

Each subsequent generation more effective against gram-negative organisms; spectrum of activity

What is the meaning of the different generations of cephalosporins?

"Red Man Syndrome"= N/V, severe low BP, itching, hives, tachycardia, fainting, fever and chills.

Redness or rash on the arms, upper body, base of neck or face.

(Histamine reaction)

Ototoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

What are the adverse effects of vancomycin

Fluoroquinolones and Tetracycline

What antibiotics can cause photosensitivity?

Nausea, vomiting

Diarrhea, weight loss

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Neuromuscular blockade

Confusion, depression, disorientation, numbness, tingling, bone marrow depression

What are the adverse effects of gentamycin?

Insufficient duration of therapy may allow resistant organisms to repopulate and re-establish an infection.

Patients frequently stop taking antibiotics when they feel better.

Prophylactic use of antibiotics may also contribute to the development of resistant organisms.

What are the reasons for antimicrobial resistance?

GI distress, N/V, abdominal pain.

Allergic reaction: urticarial, maculopapular rash, erythema, intestinal nephritis.

Hepatotoxicity,

Pseudomembranous colitis, QT interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, tinnitus, reversible hearing loss.

What are the adverse effects of erythromycin?

delayed gastric emptying due to diabetes affecting vagus nerve

What is diabetic gastroparesis?

it will stain the permanent teeth of children younger than 8

What are the adverse effects of tetracycline in children?

ciprofloxacin

What can cause an achilles tendon rupture?

folate deficiency, caution in patients with impaired kidney function, and caution in adults over 65 years who take ACE inhibitors or ARBS

What are the contraindications for sulfonamides?

quinidine and verapamil can cause toxicity

What can cause digoxin toxicity?

GI effects show first (anorexia: Nausea/vomiting); headache, general malaise; altered color perception, halo vision; then more serious are digitalis-related arrhythmias, bradycardias, and tachyarrhythmias

What are the signs of digoxin toxicity?

digoxin, nifedipine, diltiazem

What drug interactions are associated with verapamil?

Orthostatic hypotension/peripheral edema, constipation, suppression of cardiac function

What are the adverse effects associated with verapamil?

hyperkalemia, endocrine effects, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis

What are the adverse effects of spirolactone?

Alpha1- causes vasoconstriction

Beta1- cause increased HR, Increased myocardial contractility

Dopaminergic-activates receptors in the brain that produce dopamine and causes renal blood vessel dilation.

What receptors are stimulated by dopamine?

angina, hypertension, and cardiac dysrhythmias

What are the indications for calcium channel blockers?

for low causes renal blood vessel dilation. for moderate causes renal blood vessel dilation

increased HR, increased myocardial contractility

What are the actions of low to moderate doses of dopamine?

headache, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and tolerance

What are the adverse effects of nitroglycerin?

advise to get up slowly to minimize postural hypotension and monitor blood pressure; to report significant weight loss, lightheadedness, GI distress, or general weakness to provider, report manifestations of ototoxicity (tinnitus, hearing loss), teach to self-monitor blood pressure and daily weights and to keep a log; observe for manifestations of low magnesium (weakness, muscle twitching, and tremors; observe for low calcium levels (muscle twitching, muscle cramps, tingling in hands and feet; avoid taking late in the day to prevent nocturia

What education would you give for a client on furosemide?

teach patients to monitor blood pressure and heart rate as well as keep a blood pressure record; advise clients to change positions slowly; advise clients who have angina to record pain frequency, intensity, duration, and location (notify provider if attacks increase)

What education would you give for a client on verapamil?

changes in ionic currents

MI

low saturations

hypokalemia

What are contributing factors for arrhythmias?

the narrow window between therapeutic levels and toxic levels (0.5 to 0.8 ng/mL)

What is digoxin toxicity?

teach to monitor blood pressure; advise clients who have heart failure to monitor weight and edema

What education would you give to a client on ARBS?

first-dose orthostatic hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, rash and dysgeusia, angioedema, neutropenia

What are the adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?

Decreased cardiac output

What are the risks of propranolol use in heart failure?

Do not discontinue medication without consulting the provider; do not chew or crush med; teach to self-monitor heart rate and blood pressure; take with food to increase absorption; report any coughing or wheezing

What education would you give for a client on adrenergic beta blockers?

0.5 to 0.8 ng/mL (digoxin)

What is the therapeutic range of cardiac glycosides?

monitor I&O, monitor blood pressure

What are the nursing interventions for a client taking diuretics?