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A priori
Knowledge or justification independent of experience or empirical evidence.
A posteriori
Knowledge or justification dependent on experience or empirical evidence.
Fallible
Capable of making mistakes or errors; liable to be wrong.
Brain-in-a-vat
A scenario where experiences are artificially generated, questioning reality.
Induction
Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
Consensus
General agreement among a group of people.
Liar paradox
Statement that asserts its own falsehood, leading to contradictions.
Occam’s razor
Principle favoring the simplest explanation among competing hypotheses.
Supervenience
Dependency of properties on others, leading to correlated changes.
Cosmological argument
Argument for God's existence based on a first cause.
Ontological argument
Argument for God's existence based on God as the greatest conceivable being.
Teleological argument
Argument for God's existence based on apparent design in the universe.
Pascal’s wager
Pragmatic argument for belief in God due to potential benefits.
Omniscient
Having complete knowledge; knowing all things.
Omnipotent
Having unlimited power or ability; able to do anything.
Logical problem of evil
Argument against God's existence due to evil in the world.
Moral evil
Evil resulting from human actions or decisions.
Natural evil
Evil arising from natural phenomena.
Qualitative identity
Sameness of qualities between entities.
Numerical identity
Identity of an entity as itself over time or contexts.
Determinism
Belief that all events are determined by prior causes, denying free will.
Turing test
Test of a machine's intelligence through human interaction.
Singularity
Hypothetical event where AI surpasses human intelligence.
Foundationalism
View that knowledge is based on basic, self-evident beliefs.
Coherentism
View that justification relies on coherence within a belief system.
Pragmatism
Evaluating beliefs based on practical consequences.
Skepticism about the external world
Doubts about knowledge beyond personal perceptions.
Dogmatism
Asserting beliefs with unwavering confidence.
Correspondence theory of truth
Truth based on accurate correspondence with reality.
Naturalism
View that only the natural world exists, rejecting supernatural entities.
Theism
Belief in a personal god who created and governs the universe.
Atheism
Lack of belief in gods or deities.
Agnosticism
Neither affirming nor denying the existence of gods.
Physicalism
View that everything is ultimately physical or reducible to it.
Dualism
View that reality consists of two distinct substances or realms.
Functionalism
Defining mental states by their functional roles within a system.
Hard determinism
Belief that determinism is true and incompatible with free will.
Soft determinism
Belief that determinism is true but compatible with free will.
Metaphysical libertarianism
Belief in genuine free will not wholly determined by prior causes.
Descartes
Philosopher known for foundationalism and dualism.
Quine
Philosopher advocating for a holistic approach to knowledge.
Peirce
Pragmatist emphasizing practical consequences of beliefs.
James
Pragmatist highlighting the value of individual experience.
Locke
Empiricist philosopher advocating for tabula rasa.
Reid
Philosopher critiquing skepticism and defending common sense.
Moore
Philosopher known for defending common sense and ethics.
Hume
Empiricist skeptic famous for critiques of causality and religion.
Anselm
Medieval philosopher known for the ontological argument for God.
Pascal
Mathematician and philosopher known for Pascal's wager.
John Searle
A contemporary philosopher renowned for his contributions to the philosophy of mind and language.
Chinese Room thought experiment
A famous experiment by Searle that questions the concept of strong artificial intelligence and computationalism in explaining consciousness.
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