APUSH- Period 3

Pre-cursors to French & Indian War

• Struggle for empire began in 1690s with King William’s War (1689- 1697)

• French and Abenaki and Pennacook Indians vs. English and Iroquois Five Nations

• Queen Anne’s War (1702-1703) saw British colonists fighting French & Indians and Spanish in South Carolina and Florida; Britain seizes some land from French

• King George’s War (1739-1763)

French & Indian War

• 1754-1763

• Ohio River Valley- French begin building forts

• George Washington clashes with French- Ft. Necessity

• Causes:

  • growing population of British colonies threatened French- Indian trade networks

  • (want to move westward)

  • French + Britain both want Ohio River Valley 

  • Native American defend their land against more and more settlers

George Washington’s Allegheny Expedition

• Virginia House of Burgesses begins granting western land land to Virginia- based companies

• France build forts in Ohio River Valley

• Washinton met with French to speak, led men to Monongahela, encounters french camp, killed 14 French + commander 

Fort Necessity 

• Washington builds Ft Necessity to prepare for French & Indian attacks

• July 3, 1754, French and Indian allies attack, forced Washington to surrender and return to VA

which Indians refuse to ally with English

• Delaware, Shawnee, and Iroquois

Albany Congress

• 1754

• purpose: mend relations w/ Iroquois & create defense strategy

• Ben Franklin and representatives from MA, RI, CT NH, NY MD, PA to meet with Six Nation Iroquois- Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora

• Convenant Chain treaty declared broken

• failed Albany Plan of Union- set for precedent congress

Plain of Union

• intercolonial government and system of recruiting troops and collecting taxes for common defense

• one general government be formed in America, including all colonies

• compromised the independence of colonial assemblies and authority of Parliament

convenant chain treaty

• alliances and treaties between the Iroquois Confederacy and British colonial governments

Ben Franklin political cartoon

“Join or Die”- to urge colonial unity against the French and their Native American allies

Fort Dusquesne

• British send Major General Braddock to Virginia

• Washington joins his command

• Mission a failure; smaller force of French and Indians routs British; Braddock killed; Col. Washington orders the retreat

General Edward Braddock

• British Major General

• Led expeditions to capture Fort Duquesne-> death & heavy casualties

1755:  British Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North  America

• Only British Success - expelled French from Acadia

• the Great Expulsion- dispersed throughout 13 colonies, but many sent to modern day Louisiana- Cajun culture emerges

1756: War Is Formally Declared between Great Britain and France (Seven Years War, 1756-1763)

• British colonists outnumbered the French 20:1

• Native American tribes allied with both sides,

• French- Wabanaki Confederacy, Hurons, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottowas (Ohio Indians)

• British: Iroquois Confederation, Catawba and Cherokee (before 1758)

What were the opposing points of view in Parliament towards going to war with France again in 1754?

• British prime minister, Henry Pelham- There were in great debt and heavy taxes were already laid upon the people

• Rising British statesman, William Pitt and Lord Halifax- wanted to expand and wanted war

Ft. Oswego + Ft. William

• 1756- Ft. Oswego captured by French

• 1757- Ft. William Henry captured

• Massacre of British garrison by Indian allies

Tensions between British Crown Forces and American colonial militias

• Differences between colonial forces and British “regular” forces lead to tensions-

  • casual vs professional

  • styles of fighting

  • military organization

  • discipline

  • disputes over finances

1757: William Pitt Becomes British Foreign Minister

• He understood colonial concerns.

• offered them a compromise:

  • colonial loyalty & military cooperation→ Great Britain would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs

  • Lord Loudoun would be removed, replaced by General Jeffery Amherst

• Results: colonial moral increased

1758-1761: The Tide Turns for England

1758- Forbes captured Fort Duquesne and Amherst captured Fort Louisbourg

1759- French driven from Northern New York

Sept. 1759- Quebec falls to Gen. Wolfe.

1760- Montreal surrenders and French resistance ends

1761- Spain has become an ally of France

1763:Treaty of Paris- France

France -->

• lost (Britain)

  • her Canadian possessions

  • most of her empire in India

  • claims to lands east of the Mississippi River

• gave to Spain its lands west of Mississippi

• gained back some sugar islands

1763:Treaty of Paris- Spain

Spain -->

• got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans

• lost Florida to England.

1763:Treaty of Paris- Britain

Great Britain →

• British had stunning successes

• got all French lands in Canada

• everything east of Mississippi

• Florida

• exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade

• commercial dominance in India.

Effects of the War

on Britain?

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. Greatly enlarged England’s debt

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings- militias seen as disorderly rabble

• Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empires was necessary

Effects of the War on the American Colonials

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2. Created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated

3. Created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

1763: Pontiac’s Rebellion

• British post-war policy was to treat Native American tribes as a conquered people; cut back on gift-giving to chiefs; refusal to give gunpowder

• 8 British forts near Great Lakes sacked; war lead by Ottawa leader Pontiac, but included 14 different tribes

• Forts at Pittsburgh and Detroit besieged

royal proclamation line 

• 1763

• King George III

• forbade westward expansion by colonists, lead to resentment and opposition by colonist

• land is what they fought for

Outcome

• Britain achieved major expansion of N. American territories by defeating French

• Spain took French Lousiana west of Mississippi but gave Florida to Great Britain

• enlarged Great Britain’s debt

  • sets the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over American colonies in 1760s/1770s

• Fear uprising of Native Americans (Pontiac War)

• Royal Proclamation Line

Loyalists

• a strong unified British Empire is good for all

• colonists are British subjects and should obey British law

• taxes are due to pay for the French & Indian War, fought to protect the colonies

• colonies are far away from England to have representation in Parliament, not practical

• colonies profit from trade w/ England

• colonies would be weak w/out Britain

Patriots

• People have rights, government can’t take away, like property

• taxation takes away property from citizens (money and goods)

• colonists don’t have voice in Parliament, so England shouldn’t tax colonies (no taxation w/out representation)

• there’s no way colonies could ever be represented in Parliament be. it’s too far away

• colonists fought in French & Indian War (we’ve done our part)

• British personnel are causing violence, riots, and death ( Boston Massacre + Tea Party)

Why was there a trade deficit between Great Britain and her American colonies?

• American colonies imported more manufactured goods than they exported in raw materials which causes in imbalance and colonies had to pay in gold and silver to pay off debt

• Laws like Navigation Acts limited trade to Britain so it encouraged them to only buy expensive British products

• They weren’t allowed to trade with other countries

What were some of the factors that led to land conflicts in the western parts of the colonies in the years 1750 through 1775?

• Growth in population- demand for land- more valuable 

• Ex: Kent, Connecticut, located western boundary, wanted to establish new farm/life for next generations-- joined Susquehanna Company which speculated in lands in Wyoming Valley

• Wyoming Valley granted by Charles II to Penn, Penn sold farms to Pennsylvania residents

• CT and PA settlers at war

• Ex: Hudson River- Dutch tenant farmers, Wappinger Indians, MA migrants land disputes

• Ex: NJ and southern colonies- landlords allow to collect annual tax on land in NC

Why did the Paxton boys rise up in 1763? Who saved Philadelphia (of course)?

• During the war with France, Delaware and Shawnee warriors destroyed frontier farms in Pennsylvania and killed many residents

• Scots- Irish wanted to remove them but Quaker leaders refused

• Paxton boys, group of Scots-Irish massacred Conestoga Indians

• Governor wanted to trail, 250 Scots-Irishmen advanced on Philadelphia, Ben Franklin intercepted and arranged a truce

Who were the Regulators of South Carolina and what were their demands?

• A group of landowning vigilantes- someone who believes official authorities are failing to address crime and injustice, so they take matters into their own hands by enforcing laws

• Demand that eastern-controlled governments provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly

Why did the North Carolina Regulators rise up and what happened at Alamance River?

• Farmers couldn’t pay their debts from fall in tobacco prices- defied the government’s authority 

• Mobs intimidated judges, closed courts, free comrades from jail

• Proposed- lower legal fees, tax payments in “produce of the country”, greater representation, just revenue system that would tax each person

• Alamance River- Governor William Tryon mobilized British troops defeated Regulator force

How did many in Parliament view the residents of the 13 colonies by 1763?

• Alien and “undesirables”: French, Dutch, Germans, Indians, Africans, and multitude of felons from this country

• Foreigners

How did the "Great War for Empire of 1756-63" (also known as the Seven-Years War or the French and Indian war in North America) impact the finances of Great Britain?

Enormous costs- caused national debt

How did the British government seek to fix the debt issue?

Raised taxes from land to consumables, ordinary goods

What were the reasons that the British government sent a peacetime force of 7,500 troops to the colonies in 1763 and after? What did this force cost per year?

• Feared a possible rebellion by French residents of Canada

• Native Americans (from Pontiac’s Rebellion)

• Deter land-hungry white from defining the Proclamation of 1763 and settling west of Appalachian Mountains

• Worried about the colonists' loyalty now they no longer face a threat from French Canada

• Cost 225,000 pounds per year

What reforms did British Prime Minister George Grenville attempt?

• Raise revenue

• Current Act of 1764- banned colonies form using paper money as legal tender, had to use local currency (less than British pounds) money paid to Britain in printed money, boosted their British profits

• Sugar Act of 1764- tax on sugar, made less than French’s molasses more than bribed amount from colonial merchants

End of Salutary Neglect

What was the goal of the Stamp Act and why did it arouse more resistance than the previous Sugar Act?

• To cover part of coast of keeping British troops in America

• Tax stamp on all printed items

• More resistance because it was a direct internal tax on all colonies than Sugar Act, challenged rights and property & colonial autonomy 

• “no taxation without representation”

• Virtual representation- members of the British Parliament represented the entire British Empire, and therefore all British subjects, including the colonists, were represented, even if they didn't directly vote for specific members

What intellectual traditions provided the ideological roots of resistance for Patriot writers and lawyers?

1. English common law- body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the monarch’s subjects 

2. The Enlightenment

   1. Natural rights- life, liberty, and property- that governments must protect 

   2. Separation of powers- prevented arbitrary rule 

3. The republican and Whig political philosophy

   1. English political tradition emphasized civic, liberty, and the dangers of unchecked power

   2. British government was becoming tyrannical, resistance was necessary

Inspired by the Patriot movement, how did African Americans seek to secure their natural rights in the 1760s and 1770s?

• Submitted petitions to legislature asking that slavery be abolished

• “Have in common with other men, a natural right to be free, and without molestation, to enjoy such a property..”

• Hoped to win freedom by supporting British troops

What stance and actions did Charles Townshend take towards the colonies? What did this lead to?

• Townshend sought restriction on the colonial assemblies and strongly supported the Stamp Act, promised to find a new source of revenue in America

• Townshend Act of 1767- imposed duties on colonial imports of paper, paint, glass, tea 

• Use to pay royal governor, judges hoping to enforce parliamentary laws

What problems emerged over the Proclamation Line of 1763?

• Prohibited settlement to the west

• Companies invested in land, petition the crown for land grants 

• Officers in Seven Year War paid in land warrants

• Indian traders received large grants from the Ohio Indians hoped to sell land titles

• Indians angered (Shawnees)- Scioto Confederacy- oppose any further expansion in Ohio county

By 1770, how had many colonists' position on colonial representation shifted? 

At first colonist only protested and was seeking representation from the British government but then the patriots repudiated parliamentary supremacy and claimed equality for the American assemblies, the right to govern themselves

committees of correspondence

 organizations formed by colonists to communicate and organize resistance against British policies. 

Tea Act of May 1773

• provided financial relief for East India Company, a royally chartered private corporation that served as the instrument of British imperialism.

• It sold its surplus tea in the colonies which lowered the price of their tea because it was cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea.

Coercive Acts

laws to force Massachusetts to pay for the tea and to submit to imperial authority

• Boston Port Act

• Massachusetts Government Act

• Quatering Act

• Justice Act

• Quebec Act

Boston Port Act

• closed the port of Boston to all trade until the colonist paid for the tea destroyed

Massachusetts Government Act

• annulled colony’s charter and prohibited town meetings

Quartering Act

required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers

Justice Act

allowed trails for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or to Britain

Quebec Act