Parasitology quiz 1 and 17

A fecal sample should not be allowed to be refrigerated for longer than _______________. 

24 hours

T/F It is important for fecal samples to be fresh due to the rapid development and changes that occur in the parasite's eggs or larvae once in the environment. 

True fresh fecal

We can collect group samples in ____, ___, ___.

Cattle, Pigs, Sheep

T/F The direct fecal smear is good for viewing motile forms of protozoans and can be used as a stand alone method for evaluating the patient for parasites.

False direct fecal smear

Please match the fecal flotation to their appropriate descriptions.

Sheather’s solution

 Readily available, and it does not distort roundworm eggs. However, it floats fewer eggs and is messy to work with.

Magnesium sulfate solution

 Forms crystals easily. It is inexpensive and readily available.

Saturated sodium chloride solution

 The least desirable flotation solution. It corrodes lab equipment, severely distorts eggs, forms crystals It is inexpensive and readily available.

Zinc sulfate solution

Similar to the sugar solutions, but not as messy. Can see cystic stages of intestinal protozoans with this the best.

Sodium nitrate solution

Most efficient flotation solution. It can be purchased already prepared. It does form crystals on slide and distorts eggs after a time. It is more expensive than sugar solution .

 

The centrifugal flotation method is superior to the simple fecal float because it... 

requires less time to perform

is more efficient at recovering eggs and cysts

This type of fecal test detects most parasite eggs, but it is not as good as flotation for providing clear microscopic examination. It is primarily used to detect eggs that will not float, or those that would be too distorted by the flotation solution to identify. We most commonly use this method when we suspect Trematode infections. 

Fecal Sedimentation

T/F Dogs and cats can never be hosts for pinworms. 

True dogs and cats no pinworms

What method would we use to detect pinworms in a horse? 

Cellophane Tape Preparation

This diagnostic test is used to recover larvae of roundworms from feces, soil, or animal tissues. Warm water is passed through the apparatus causing the larvae to move out of the sample and into the collection tube

Baermann Technique

Lavender top tubes are the best tubes to use when collecting samples for parasite evaluation, as they produce minimal distortion to the sample. 

True Purple

What is the minimum amount of blood that can be collected for parasitological testing? 

1 ml

Which of the blood tests is primarily aimed at detecting movement of parasites that live outside the red blood cells? 

Direct Smear

Match the parasite tot he description.

Dirofilaria immitis

Stationary on the slide. Usually many are seen. Straight body and tail, tapered head.

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

Progressive on the slide. Usually few are seen. Curved body, blunt head, curved or “button-hook” tail.

What is the purpose of the Modified Knott's Technique?

Identify Microfilariae

What is the purpose of the buffy coat method?

to help identify parasites in the WBCs

T/F the main method for examining urine for parasites is by microscopic examination of the urine

False microscopic examination

How much urine is needed for parasitological testing? 

5-10 mls

This parasitological test provides an estimate of parasite burden by determining the number of eggs per gram of feces. 

McMaster Method

When lifting the coverslip on a fecal float, the drop hanging on the bottom of the coverslip is not important. You should let the hanging drop fall back into the container before placing it on the slide for evaluation. 

False coverslip

The study of parasitic relationships affecting domesticated, exotic, wild, and laboratory animals. 

Veterinary Parasitology

Please match each term to its correct definition.

Parasitiasis

 occurs when the parasite is present on or within the host and is potentially pathogenic; however the animal does not exhibit any outward signs of disease.

Parasitosis

occurs when the parasite is present on or within the host and does produce obvious injury or harm to the host exhibiting obvious outward signs of disease.

Please match each term to its correct definition.

Definitive host

 This host harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite.

Intermediate host

This host harbors the larval, juvenile, immature, or asexual stages of the parasite.

Reservoir host

This is a vertebrate host in which the parasite or disease occurs in nature, and is a source of infection for both humans and domestic animals.

T/F Monogenetic flukes are common parasites of mammals? 

False monogenetic flukes

Which parasite is an example of a digenetic fluke?

Paragonimus kellicotti

T/F Eucestodes (true tapeworms) have an alimentary canal?

False Eucestodes (true tapeworms)

Which parasite is the largest nematode known to parasitize domesticated animals?

Dioctophyma renale

Name this nematode larvae HELPPPPPP

Strongyloides stercoralis?

What is the 3rd stage of a nematode life cycle known as? 

infective stage

Please match each term to its correct definition

Oviparous

the eggs produced by these nematodes contain a single cell stage

Ovoviviparous

the eggs produced by these nematodes contain a first stage larva within the eggshell

Larviparous 

they retain their eggs within the uterus and incubate them, then give birth to live larvae

This is where the is an intermediate host in the life cycle. 

Indirect life cycle

Tito, a 2 month old puppy, presents to the clinic with a pot bellied appearance and the owner states the puppy has worms that are round on both ends and bilateral symmetrical in his feces. Upon fecal floatation, you find this egg under the microscope. What parasite is this?

Toxocara canis

The Toxocara spp. is zoonotic. What does it cause in humans? 

Visceral larval migrans

This nematode common name is the raccoon roundworm and causes neurological larval migrans in humans. 

Baylisascaris procyonis

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm) feeds on blood and secretes an anticoagulant that causes the formers sites to continue to bleed causing significant anemia. 

True canine hookworm

Common name for this parasite is the human pinworm. 

Enterobius vermicularis

The treatment options for Ascaris suum are

Benzimidazoles, levamisole, ivermectin, pyrantel, piperazine, and hydromycin

This parasite was found in a foal. Please name the parasite. 

Parascaris equorum

The common name for this parasite is the pig whipworm. Please name this parasite.

Trichuris suis

In dogs, the drug used to treat the adult heartworms is ________________ and the drug used to treat the microfilariae is ______________________.

 Immiticide, ivermectin

This flotation solution is the best to use to see the cystic stages of intestinal protozoans.

Zinc sulfate solution

This is the most efficient flotation solution; however, it will form crystals on the slide and distort the eggs after a period of time.

Sodium nitrate solution

This type of parasiticide was developed to kill mites and ticks.

Acaricides

This type of parasiticide was developed to kill round worms, tapeworms, flukes, and thorny-headed worms.

Anthelmintics

When collecting a blood sample for evaluation, what is the minimum amount of blood that you should collect?

1.0 ml

This occur when a parasite has wandered from its normal site of infection into an organ and/or location where it does not normally live. 

Aberrant parasite

Match the Parasiticides to their function

Anthelmintics - kills roundworms, tapeworms, flukes, and thorny-headed worms kills protozoan organisms kills insects

Acaricides - kills mites and ticks

Insecticides - kills insects

Antiprotozoals - kills protozoan organisms

Homoxenous vs Euryxenous

Homoxenous parasite - Has a very broad host range Infect only one type of host

Euryxenous parasite - Has a very broad host range Infect only one type of host

What is the egg cap in which the larvae emerge from the egg called? 

Operculum

There is no approved treatment for feline heartworm. 

True

Where are the adult dirofilaria immitis located in the heart?

Pulmonary arteries and right ventricle

The house for these parasites are feline. These larvae are coughed up, swallowed, and passed out the feces. The common name for these parasites are the feline lungworm.

Aelurostrongyles abstrusus

With eucestoda (true tapeworms) the proglottids intermediate from the scolex are the _____ proglottids

Immature

This was found on a fecal floatation from a pig. What is this parasite? 

Ascaris suum

What parasite is responsible for this in humans, and what is the condition called?

Ancylostoma caninum, Cutaneous Larval migrans

With Eucestoda (true tapeworms) the proglottids intermediate from the scolex are the ___________ proglottids?

Immature

What is the treatment for Parascaris equorum the equine roundworm?

Benzimidazole

Piperazine

Ivermectin

Pyrantel

Pasture management

Which diagnostic method would you use to evaluate a horse for Oxyuris equi? 

Cellophane tape test

What is the intermediate host for Taenia taeniaeformis? 

Rats and Mice

Of the following, which is reportable? 

Echinococcus granulosus

A fecal sample should not be refrigerated longer than ____________ hours. 

24

A direct fecal smear is good for viewing motile forms of protozoans, and it can be used as a sole method for evaluating an animal for parasites. 

False motile protozoans

Fecal solution matching

Sheather’s solution - Readily available, does not distort roundworm eggs, floats fewer eggs, and is messy to work with

Sodium nitrate solution - Most efficient flotation solution, can be purchased already prepared, forms crystals on slide, distorts eggs after a time, and is more expensive than sugar solution

 

Zinc sulfate solution - Similar to the sugar solutions. Can see cystic stages of intestinal protozoans with this the best

A 3 year old canine comes into the clinic for a routine visit. The owner mentioned that the dog has biting at his forelimb and hindlimbs. Upon starting the physical exam you notice he is infested with fleas. You run a fecal and notice this parasite. 

Please name the parasite.

Dipylidium caninum

This parasite was found in cattle feces. Please name the parasite.

Moniezia benedini

This parasite is found in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of cattle causing pain, and myositis. Please name the parasite.

Taenia saginata

The adults of this pseudotapeworm absorb vitamin B12 to such an extent that it cause significant anemia. The host includes dogs, cats, and humans.  Please name this parasite.

Diphyllobothrium latum

What is the vermifuge treatment for Toxocara canis?

Pyrantal

When humans are infected with the Strongyloides spp., what is the disease/diagnosis? 

strongyloidiasis