Vaccination and Immunity

These flashcards cover key concepts of vaccination, types of immunity, vaccine effectiveness, and safety.

Vaccination is a form of __ immunity.

active artificial immunity.

In less-developed countries, approximately __ infectious disease deaths occur.

18 million

Types of immunity include active, passive, __, and __.

natural; artificial

Herd immunity helps reduce the number of __ individuals in a population.

susceptible

A vaccine must be __ and induce the right immune response, without causing disease.

safe

Passive immunity can be acquired artificially through an injection of __ immunoglobulin.

pre-formed

Live attenuated vaccines should not be given to __ individuals.

immunosuppressed

Subunit vaccines contain __ fragments of the microbe and cannot cause infection.

subcellular

DNA vaccines involve harmless viruses or plasmids containing a gene for a __ antigen.

protective

Vaccine effectiveness in the US has saved __ lives annually.

2.5 million

Reasons for not vaccinating include philosophical/religious beliefs and __ opportunities.

missed

HPV vaccines provide protection from __ and various cancers.

genital warts

The primary immune response leads to the formation of __ cells.

memory

Comparing active and passive immunity, passive immunity provides __ but not long-term immunity.

short-term

Vaccines for childhood diseases have significantly reduced the number of cases of measles, __, and mumps over the decades.

rubella

Inactivated vaccines like Rabies and Hepatitis A are __ but do not replicate.

killed

Natural active immunity is ___

occurs when an individual has the disease and the immune response reacts to it

Artificial active immunity ___

occurs when a vaccination stimulates the immune response 

Natural passive immunity ___

is the transfer of immunoglobulins across the placenta or through breast milk to an infant

Artificial passive immunity __

is the injection of pre-formed immunoglobulins, such as gamma globulin

Natural immunity is ___

immunity acquired through natural processes such as infections

Artificial immunity is ___

immunity gained through medical interventions, primarily through vaccinations

Active immunity is __

immunity developed after exposure to an antigen, either through infection or vaccinations

Passive immunity is ___

short-term immunity obtained from the transfer of antibodies 

Herd immunity ___

refers to the overall susceptibility of a population to infections diseases

Vaccination __

involves artificial active immunization using specific antigens from an organism

Vaccination requirements are ___

they need to be safe, must induce the correct immune response, should promote long-lasting immune responses without causing the disease, and enhance the body’s immune response 

Adjuvants is __

substances that enhance the body’s immune response to the vaccine, often allowing for slower release and prolonged interaction with immune cells

The immune responses to vaccinations are __

primary response and secondary response

Primary response ___

involves initial immunization leading to the generation of memory cells and antibodies

Secondary response __

a faster and more robust immune response upon re-exposure to the antigen

Memory cells ___

play a vital role in maintaining immunity over time

Passive immunization __

offers short-term immunity Ac

Active immunization __

generally leads to long-term immunity 

The levels of various immunoglobulins in the serum of a newborn chill post-birth are ___

IgG levels, IgM levels, IgA levelsIg

IgG levels ___

are approx 60% of adult levels at birth, increases to 800 mg/1000ml by month 12I

IgM levels ___

reach about 75% of adult levels by 12 months 

IgA levels ___

not detectable at birth but grow significantly post-exposure

The type of first generation vaccines are __

live natural, live attenuated vaccines and killed vaccines

A live natural vaccine is ___

a vaccine made from a weakened form of the virus or bacterium that causes the disease, which helps build immunity without causing the actual illness. examples are vaccinia for monkeypox

A live attenuated vaccines are __

vaccines that contain a living but weakened form of the pathogen, allowing for a strong immune response without causing disease. Examples include the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine.

A killed vaccines is ___

pathogens that have been killed by using chemical or heat processes

The types of 2nd generation vaccines are __

subunit/acellular vaccines, recombinant vaccines

Subunit/acellular vaccines are __

composed of parts of the microbe

Recombinant vaccines are ___

antigens produced via genetic modification (hepatitis B)

The type of 3rd generation vaccines are __

DNA vaccines

DNA vaccines are ___

vaccines containing plasmids carrying genes encoding antigens produced by the body.

HPV vaccines are __

subunit vaccines that use virus'-like particles to prevent cervical, anal and other cancers