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Respiration
The process of gas exchange in the body.
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.
Blood pressure (BP)
The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the arteries.
Systolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart.
Diastolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest and filling with blood.
Peripheral vascular resistance
The resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels.
Hematocrit
The proportion of red blood cells to the blood plasma.
Blood viscosity
The thickness or stickiness of blood, affecting its flow.
Homeostasis
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Thermoregulation
The process of maintaining the body's temperature within a normal range.
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate and blood pressure during stress.
Hypovolemia
A decreased volume of blood in the body, which can lead to lower blood pressure.
Endocrine system
The system of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions.
Normal vital signs
Standard measurements of body functions usually including heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
Exercise
Physical activity that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Dehydration
A condition arising from excessive loss of water from the body.
Medication effects on BP
Certain medications can either lower or raise blood pressure.
Stress and pain effect on BP
Stress and pain can elevate blood pressure through sympathetic nervous stimulation.
Age effect on BP
Blood pressure tends to rise with age.
Blood volume
The total amount of blood circulating within the vascular system.
