ambot basta last

cross sectional research

compares people of different ages at the same point in time, provides information about differences in development between different age groups

longitudinal research

traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age. It assesses change in behavior over time, whereas cross-sectional studies assess differences among groups of people

human genome project

scientists can now identify the particular genes responsible for genetically caused disorders. It is already leading not only to the identification of risk factors in children but also to the development of new treatments for physical and psychological disorders.

development of a fetus

. A sensitive period is the time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli

zygote to blastocyst

Fertilized egg divides rapidly, forms blastocyst, and implants in the uterus.

emerging period

Major organs and body structures begin to form (organogenesis)

fetal period

Rapid growth and maturation of organs systems. Fetus becomes recognizable

later fetal period

Significant growth, movement, and development of senses until birth.

sickle cell anemia

Abnormal shaped RBC, kids with this may have episodes of pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems.

phenylketonuria

A child born with this inherited disease cannot produce an enzyme that is required for normal development

tay sach’s disease

Children born with this usually die by age 3 or 4 because of the body’s inability to break down fat.

down syndrome

One of the causes of intellectual disability, often related to the mother’s age; mothers over 35 and younger than 18 stand a higher risk.

mother’s nutrition

May have an adverse impact on their mental development

mother’s emotional state

When mothers are tense/anxious during their last months of their pregnancies are more likely to have irritable infants who sleep and eat poorly

mother’s use of drugs

Infants may be addicted, show signs of painful withdrawal.

fatal alcohol syndrome disorder

A condition resulting in below-average intelligence, growth delays, and facial deformities

nicotine use

Pregnant mothers who smoke put their children at risk. May lead to miscarriage and infant death.

rooting reflex

causes neonates to turn their heads toward things that touch their cheeks - such as the mother’s nipple or a bottle.

sucking reflex

prompts infants to suck at things that touch their lips

gag reflex

prompts infants to clear their throat.

startle reflex

a series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise

palmar grasp reflex

causes a baby to tightly close their hand when the palm is stroked.

Babinski reflex

a baby’s toes fan out when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked.

securely attached children

Children who are securely attached employ the mother as a kind of home base; they explore independently but return to her occasionally. When she leaves, they exhibit distress, and they go to her when she returns.

avoidant children

children do not cry when the mother leaves, and they seem to avoid her when she returns, as if they were indifferent to her.

ambivalent children

display anxiety before they are separated and are upset when the mother leaves, but they may show ambivalent reactions to her return, such as seeking close contact but simultaneously hitting and kicking her

disorganized disoriented children

these children show inconsistent and often contradictory behavior. For example, they may approach their mother but at the same time avoid eye contact or otherwise act in an inappropriate way