HUMB1000 test 1(2)

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

toward the feet

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Superficial (external)

toward the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the surface of the body

Central

located in the center

Peripheral

away from the center

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right

Frontal Plane

divides the body into front and back

Transverse Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity

contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity

continuous internal opening that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Parietal

pertaining to the wall of a cavity

Visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

Integumentary System

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

Protective Role

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.

Made up of bones and joints

Muscular System

Tissue

Enables movement of the body and internal organs

Nervous System

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Cardiovascular System

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Respiratory System

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.

Digestive System

Body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Urinary System

Kidneys

Rids the body of wastes. Maintains salt and water balance.

Reproductive System

System of organs involved in producing offspring

Homeostasis

Body's effort to maintain a constant internal environment

Components of Homeostatic System

Receptor

Control Center (Set Point)

Effector (get back to where we want to be)

Negative Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

Three states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

Four primary elements of the human body

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Atoms

smallest unit of an element that still behaves like the element

Protons

In the Nucleus

Bigger

Positively charged

Add to Neutrons and you get the mass number

Tells you what element you are dealing with (atomic number)

Neutrons

In the Nucleus

Bigger

No Charge

Add to Protons and you get the mass number

Determines isotopes of elements

Electrons

Orbit the Nucleus

Small

Negative

Create Bonds

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms that are bonded together

Compounds

Groups of two or more elements that are bonded together

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

Cations

positively charged ions

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Polar Molecule

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water (polar)

Hydrophobic

Water hating (nonpolar)

Acid

Gives off H+ ions when in water

Base

Gives off OH- ions when in water

Electrolytes

Releases other ions in water besides OH- and H+

Salts

Combination of an acid and a base

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

Metabolism

Sum total of all chemical reactions

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Synthesis

Build up to larger molecules

Decomposition

Break down to smaller unites

Exchange Reaction

combination of synthesis and decomposition reactions

Carbohydrates (nature)

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates (Categories)

simple and complex

Carbohydrate (Role they play)

Energy 1g\=4cal

Lipids (Nature)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Lipids (Categories)

fats/oils, phospholipids, steroids

Fat/Oils

Energy 1g\=9cal

Phospholipids

main building block for plasma membranes

Steroids

Cholesterols precursor for hormones

Emulsification

the process of mixing lipid with water by adding an emulsifier

Proteins (Nature)

Chains of amino acids

Amino Acids

20 amino acids

9 essential amino acids (must be digested in your diet)

Protein Structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

Basic units of DNA/RNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA/RNA bases

DNA

Two chains of nucleotides in double helix