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Anatomy
The study of body structure
Physiology
The study of body function
Anatomical Position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
Anterior (ventral)
toward the front
Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
Superior
toward the head
Inferior
toward the feet
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk of the body
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
Superficial (external)
toward the body surface
Deep (internal)
away from the surface of the body
Central
located in the center
Peripheral
away from the center
Sagittal Plane
divides body into left and right
Frontal Plane
divides the body into front and back
Transverse Plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity
contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity
continuous internal opening that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Parietal
pertaining to the wall of a cavity
Visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
Protective Role
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.
Made up of bones and joints
Muscular System
Tissue
Enables movement of the body and internal organs
Nervous System
The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Cardiovascular System
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Respiratory System
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.
Digestive System
Body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
Urinary System
Kidneys
Rids the body of wastes. Maintains salt and water balance.
Reproductive System
System of organs involved in producing offspring
Homeostasis
Body's effort to maintain a constant internal environment
Components of Homeostatic System
Receptor
Control Center (Set Point)
Effector (get back to where we want to be)
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Three states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
Four primary elements of the human body
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Atoms
smallest unit of an element that still behaves like the element
Protons
In the Nucleus
Bigger
Positively charged
Add to Neutrons and you get the mass number
Tells you what element you are dealing with (atomic number)
Neutrons
In the Nucleus
Bigger
No Charge
Add to Protons and you get the mass number
Determines isotopes of elements
Electrons
Orbit the Nucleus
Small
Negative
Create Bonds
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Molecules
Groups of two or more atoms that are bonded together
Compounds
Groups of two or more elements that are bonded together
Ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
Cations
positively charged ions
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Ionic Bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent Bond
a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Polar Molecule
a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water (polar)
Hydrophobic
Water hating (nonpolar)
Acid
Gives off H+ ions when in water
Base
Gives off OH- ions when in water
Electrolytes
Releases other ions in water besides OH- and H+
Salts
Combination of an acid and a base
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
Metabolism
Sum total of all chemical reactions
Enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Synthesis
Build up to larger molecules
Decomposition
Break down to smaller unites
Exchange Reaction
combination of synthesis and decomposition reactions
Carbohydrates (nature)
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates (Categories)
simple and complex
Carbohydrate (Role they play)
Energy 1g=4cal
Lipids (Nature)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Lipids (Categories)
fats/oils, phospholipids, steroids
Fat/Oils
Energy 1g=9cal
Phospholipids
main building block for plasma membranes
Steroids
Cholesterols precursor for hormones
Emulsification
the process of mixing lipid with water by adding an emulsifier
Proteins (Nature)
Chains of amino acids
Amino Acids
20 amino acids
9 essential amino acids (must be digested in your diet)
Protein Structures
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Denaturation
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
Basic units of DNA/RNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA/RNA bases
DNA
Two chains of nucleotides in double helix