Physiology of Reproduction Exam 2 Study Guide

Flashcards based on key concepts and terminology from the Physiology of Reproduction lecture notes.

Methods of thermoregulation of the testes

1) Scrotum

2) Pampiniform plexus

3) Tunica dartos muscle

4) Cremaster muscle

Process of erection in a bull

1) Dilation of helicine arteries

2) Increased blood flow into cavernous spaces

3) Contraction of ischiocavernosus muscle

4) Compression forces blood into erection canals/ fills cavernosum

5) Relaxation of retractor penis muscles

Functions of head, body, and tail of the epididymis

Head: concentrates sperm;

Body: sperm maturation;

Tail: final sperm maturation, removes cytoplasmic droplet, stores sperm.

Blood-testes barrier

Formed by tight cell junctions between Sertoli cells,

important for maintaining microenvironment for spermatogenesis.

Primary function and location of Leydig cells

Produce testosterone,

located in the interstitial spaces of seminiferous tubules.

Spermatocytogenesis

The process of mitosis in spermatogenesis.

Meiotic phase of spermatogenesis

Involves reduction division.

Spermiogenesis

The formation of sperm.

Spermiation

The release of sperm cells.

Describe the movement of spermatozoa via muscle fibers (9 + 2):

Axoneme – muscle fibers arranged (9 + 2)

• 2 large muscle fibers running through center of tail

• 9 pairs of smaller diameter fibers (doublets)

Fate of sperm that are not ejaculated

Reabsorption or disposal in urine.

Definition of attainment of puberty in females

GnRH released from tonic center

beginning in fetal life and continuing until

death

• Estradiol negative feedback to tonic

center

• Hypothalamic maturation – decrease in

sensitivity of tonic center to negative

feedback of estradiol

• Hypothalamus has functional surge

center

Functions of preovulatory increase in estradiol

1) Increase LH receptors in follicle

2) Granulosa cell mitosis

3) Estrus

4) LH surge

5) Increase progesterone receptors.

Functions of LH surge during estrous cycle

1) Maturation of oocyte

2) Resumption of meiosis

3) Ovulation

4) Luteinization of follicular cells.

Hormonal change for resumption of meiosis in oocyte

LH surge.

Prostaglandin E2 during ovulation

Induces ovulatory genes.

Prostaglandin F2 during ovulation

Causes luteolysis, leading to drop in progesterone.

Steps of angiogenesis

1) Basement membrane breakdown

2) Production of angiogenic factors

3) Mitosis and migration of endothelial cells

4) Capillary tube formation.

Functions of the corpus luteum

1) Secretes progesterone and oxytocin

2) Maintains pregnancy

3) Stimulates mammary development

4) Controls ovarian cycle.

Luteal cell types from granulosa and theca cells

Granulosa: Large luteal cells;

Theca: Small luteal cells.

Mechanism of action for hormonal IUDs

Release hormones to prevent ovulation, while non-hormonal IUDs create a physical barrier.

Use of prostaglandin F2a in synchronization

Induce premature luteal regression

Used as an injection

Use of progestins in synchronization

Progesterone is responsible for inhibiting estrus, and subsequent
ovulation

Wear gloves when using because it can be absorbed through the skin

Use of GnRH in synchronization

Synchronize follicular waves
• Induce ovulation
• Induce formation of a corpus luteum

Steps involved in placing a CIDR

1) Prepare the CIDR applicator

2) Wipe vulva clean dna d prepare to insert

3) Insert CIDR into the vagina

4) Press on the end of the applicator to push out the CIDR

Describe the process of ejaculation starting with sensory stimulus.

sensory stimulation

• Series of coordinated muscle

contractions

• Emission – movement of seminal

fluids from accessory sex glands

into pelvic urethra

Fate of ejaculated sperm

Semen = sperm + accessory fluid

• Functions of accessory fluid

• Transport of sperm

• Energy source

• Buffer

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Follicular Phase

Proliferative Phase

Luteal Phase

Explain the differences between monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic combined oral contraceptives.

Mono: Constant dose of estrogen and progestin

Bi: The progestin dose is increased halfway through the pill cycle, while the estrogen dose
remains constant. (May have increases in breakthrough bleeding)

Tri: The hormone levels change approximately every seven days throughout the pill pack. (Used for reducing acne severity)

When is a CIDR Used

It is used to synchronize estrus to make breeding programs more efficient