APUSH Henretta Chapter 11

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yay study!! religious reform, important people, renaissance, abolitionism

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The Second Great Awakening

(1790-1840s) a series of American religious revivals occurring throughout that eastern U.S.; these revivals encouraged a culture performing good deeds in exchange for salvation, and therefore became responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolitionism, (Chap. 8) pp. 259-265

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Alexis de Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture. Our text claims that he coined the word INDIVIDUALISM. p. 332

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American Renaissance

The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Transcendentalist movement including Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. pp. 332-332

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Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. p. 332

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803 - 1882 a famous American essayist, public speakers in the Lyceum Movement, and one of America's most influential thinkers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay "Nature." Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England. pp. 332 to 333

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Unitarian

A "spin-off" faith in early 19th century from the severe Puritanism of the past. They believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator. The movement began in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and was embraced by many of the leading "thinkers" or intellectuals of the day. p. 332

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Henry David Thoreau

(1817 - 1862) An American author, poet, philosopher, polymath, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, 1854, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government, 1849 (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

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Margaret Fuller

American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book "Woman in the Nineteenth Century," 1844, is considered the first major feminist work in the United States; also known for editing the Transcendentalist journal The Dial. p. 334

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The Dial

The Dial was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929. In its first form, from 1840 to 1844, it served as the chief publication of the Transcendentalists. In the 1880s it was revived as a political magazine. From 1920 to 1929 it was an influential outlet for Modernist literature in English. On October 20, 1839, Margaret Fuller officially accepted the editorship, though she was unable to begin work on the publication until the first week of 1840. p. 334

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Walt Whitman

(1819 -1892) An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, his literary art was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.

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Born in Huntington on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, a government clerk, and—in addition to publishing his poetry—was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War. Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. p. 33

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804 - 1864) An American novelist and short story writer, born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration, such as The Scarlet Letter. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation. p. 334-335

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Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. p. 335

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Herman Melville

(1819-1891) An American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet from the American Renaissance period. The bulk of his writings were published between 1846 and 1857. Best known for his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), p. 335

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The Shakers

American Utopian Group: Late 1770's through end of 19th century. This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding of sexual relations. pp. 335 - 337

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Fourierism

A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. p. 336

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socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. A reaction to rising capitalist market economies of the 19th century and industrialization. p. 336

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The Panic of 1837

A financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular (gold/silver or securely backed paper money, that was sparked by a preceding speculation boom) in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. Without a central bank, the economy tanks, and people think that its Van Buren's fault. p. 337

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Oneida Community

Utopian Community: A group of socio-religious evangelical Perfectionists who lived in New York and then Vermont in 1830s - 1840s. Practiced "complex marriages," communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes (1811 - 1886), called a "free love" community. p. 337 - 339

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Charles Grandison Finney

(1792 1875) American Evangelist, theologian, and educator. Licensed to the Presbyterian ministry in 1824, he had phenomenal success as a revivalist in the Northeast, converting many who later became noted abolitionists. p. 338

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Joseph Smith

(1805-1844) founded the Morman Church; in a series of religious experiences that began in 1820, Smith came to believe that God had singled him out to receive a special revelation of divine truth; in 1830 he published The Book of Mormon, & he proceeded to organize the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; he revived traditional social doctrines such as patriarchal authority within the family & encouraged practices that were central to individual success in the age f capitalist markets & factories-frugality, hard work, & entrepreneurial enterprise; his goal was a church-directed society that would inspire moral perfection; the Mormons eventually settled in Nauvoo, Illinois which, by the 1840's, had become the largest utopian community in the US; Smith refused to abide by any Illinois law of which he didn't approve, asked Congress to turn Nauvoo into a separate federal territory, & declared himself a candidate for president; Smith also claimed to have received a new revelation that justified polygamy; in 1844 Illinois officials arrested Smith & charged him with treason for allegedly conspiring with foreign powers to create a Mormon colony in Mexican territory; an anti-Mormon mod stormed the jail in Carthage, Illinois, where he & his brother were being held, & murdered them. p. 339-340

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Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons. pp. 340 - 341

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Mormon War

Ended in 1858. President Buchanan responded to pressure from Protestants to eliminate polygamy by removing Young from the governorship. He sent a small army to Salt Lake City. He feared that abolition of polygamy would serve as a legal precedent for ending slavery (he was pro-slavery). p. 340

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B'hoys

Mid-19th century New York dandy's: Men who cropped their hair close in the back, wore long front locks matter with hair grease, rolled and combed shiny. Known for sexual promiscuity and stylish dress. p. 343

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Minstrel Shows

Minstrel shows were preformed by white people in black face and portrayed black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, sexual indulgent, and musical. The minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in the next decade. By 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Famous minstrel performed John Dartmouth Rice developed the character named, "Jim Crow."

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By the turn of the 20th century, the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville. It survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools, and local theaters. pp. 343 - 345

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nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. p. 344

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David Walker's Appeal

"An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" (1829). The first indication of the spirit of abolitionism with the appearance an appeal to the colored citizens in the world by David Walker. He was a free black man, the appeal called for black Americans to mobilize abolition by force if necessary, and warned whites that the nation faced divine punishment if it did not mend its sinful ways. "America is as much your country as it is yours." pp. 345 - 348

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Nat Turner's Revolt

The most famous Slave revolt in North America, accrued in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831. It was a hot August night and Nat Turner and his followers crept into their master's house and killed the family. By the end of the night 55 whites where dead and twice as many blacks. Nat ran away only to be found 2 weeks later and was put to his death.p. 348

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Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States p. 348

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Evangelical Abolitionist

(Cultural) A religious concept originating from a section of evangelical Christians in the North/Midwest. Many Quakers, Methodists and Baptists had already freed their slaves, and advocated the gradual emancipation of all blacks. p. 348

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William Lloyd Garrison

(1805-1879),Prominent militant American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. pp. 349-350

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Angelina & Sarah Grimke (sisters)

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. p. 349

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Lucretia Mott

(1803-1880) Early feminist, who worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. p. 349

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

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Frederick Douglass

(1818-1895)A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery. p. 351

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Harriet Tubman

(c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people. p. 351

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temperance movement

Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920. p. 354

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Female Moral Reform Society

It was organized by middle-class women in New York in 1834. They wanted to liberate prostitutes from lives of sin. Also they sought to protect the morality of single women. To this end they published lists of men who frequented prostitutes or abused women. This was a direct attack on the double standard of the time. The society was replicated in hundreds of American communities by 1840. p. 354

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Dorothea Dix

(1801-1887) A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. p. 354-355

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Horace Mann

(1796 - 1859) A brilliant idealist and secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he proposed the construction of better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. His influence spread to other states and education in America was steadily improved. p. 355

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Harriet Jacobs

(1813-1897) She was an American writer, who escaped from slavery and became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs' single work, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent, was one of the first autobiographical narratives about the struggle for freedom by female slaves and an account of the sexual abuse and exploitation they endured.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. p. 356

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies were sold in Great Britain. It features the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery. p. 356

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Sojourner Truth

(1797-1883)American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. p. 356

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Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)-an early and influential women's rights convention, the first to be held in the west, in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Philadelphia-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her orating ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion. p. 356-357