PMLS1 (PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1)

MODULE 1: HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

HEINEMANN

The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.

FAGELSON

The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.

WALTERS

Anxillary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissue, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various medical laboratory procedures which will aid the physician in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.

R.A 5527

In the Beginning of humankind, disease was viewed with mystery and was a common occurrence that claimed many lives.

PORTER (1996)

It was thought that disease was caused by the negative interaction between environmental elements and body fluids.

REISER AND ANBAR (1984)

was considered a physical social or personal deficiency within patient or environment in which the patient lived.

POOR HEALTH

Father of Medicine and formulated the Hippocratic oath

HIPPOCRATES

What are the four (4) humors?

PHLEGM, BLOOD, YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE

they instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids.

HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN

describe diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume.

GALEN

Technological Break-through in Medical Technology:

1\. Thermometer

2\. Stethoscope

3\. Ophthalmoscope

4\. Laryngoscope

5\. X-ray

First diagnostic medical breakthrough invented by Rene Laennec, a French, Physician. A device considered to be the first diagnostic technology. This device offered numerous solutions for acquiring information about the lungs and heart beats of patient.

STETHOSCOPE (1861)

Who invented the STETHOSCOPE?

RENE LAENNEC

first practical microscope was devised by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

MICROSCOPE (1840)

first visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German Scientists. This was the first visual technology to view interior of the eye.

OPTHALMOSCOPE (1850)

a professor of physics in Bavaria, discovered by accident a radiation that could penetrate solid objects of low density.

WILHELM ROENTGEN

discovered by accident a radiation that could penetrate solid objects of low density.

X-RAY (1859)

As physician came to realize that a chemical evaluation of disease required more specialized skills, they increasingly delegated this type of work to other expert or technicians. - Many of these chemical experts organized their works by establishing laboratories for the analysis of medical specimens.

MID 1800S

Technical Laboratories for medical diagnostics had become so prevalent that the U.S congress placed them under regulations of the centers for disease.

MID-20TH CENTURY

Advances in medical technology acceleration in basic science and the intense cross-fertilization of scientific and technological discoveries such as electrical measurements technique, sensor development, nuclear medicine and diagnostic ultrasound

20TH CENTURY (1903-1941)

Devise the first Electrocardiograph by William Einthoven and measured the electrical changes that occur during the beating of the heart.

1903

Drinker Respirator was introduced.

1927

First introduce the first heart-lung bypass machine. Dr. John H. Gibson is credited with developing the first clinically successful heart lung bypass machine after almost 3 decades of research.

1939

Cardiac catheterization and angiography procedure were made possible through advances in material science. The use of cannula threaded through an arm vein and into the heart with the injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization made seeing the heart, lung vessels and values possible for the first time.

1940-1941

A Medical technologist traces the beginning of the medical technology back to 1500 BC when intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris were mentioned..

VIVIAN HERRICK

believed that Medtech began when a book for treatment of disease which contains descriptions of the three stages of hookworm infection was published.

EBER PAPYRUS

also, a medical technologist, believes that medical technology began from the Medieval Period (1096-1438) as supported by the fact that urinalysis was a fad.

RUTH WILLIAMS

Prefers to date medical technology started in the 14th century when a prominent Italian physician at the University of bologna employed Alessandra Gillani to perform tasks new under the domain of the medical technology. Unfortunately, this young lady died from a laboratory acquired infection.

ANNE FAGELSON

Invented and improved the compound microscope. He was the first to describe red blood cells, to see protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape. The invention of the microscope led to the rapid progress of microbiology and pathology.

LEEWENHOEK (1632-1723)

Was described as the “greatest” of the early microscopists. His work in embryology and anatomy definitely marked him as the “founder of pathology”. However, many believed that pathology was practiced only from the time of Rudolf Virchow. He was one of the youngest of the medical specialists. He founded the Archives of Pathology in Berlin in 1847.

MALPHIGI (1628-1694)

Herman Fehling performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar.

1848

for staining microorganisms were produced about the middle of the 15th century. Hence, bacterial staining and microscopic study on bacteria were made possible.

ANILINE DYES

The first chemical laboratory related to medicine was established at the

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COLLEGE

established another laboratory at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He gave the first laboratory course in pathology offered in an American Medical School.

DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH

In 1885, He became the first professor of pathology at John Hopkins University.

DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH

The first Clinical laboratory was opened in1896 at the

JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in

1896

In 1908, He wrote the book “A manual of Clinical Diagnosis”. It was retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by laboratory methods” in its 6th Edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford. This Book became the standard reference for laboratories.

DR. JAMES C. TODD

One of the first Schools for training laboratory workers was established at the

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

A course bulletin that was issued in 1922.

COURSES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR CLINICAL AND LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

On what year does the Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized wherein more societies were developed

1931

the American Board of pathology was established on what year?

1936

marked effects in laboratory medicine. The use of blood increased and the “closed system” of blood collection was widely used. Instrumentation advanced and these instruments paved the measurement of the intensity of color produced. Automated equipment appeared and quality of control programs became common. Laboratory medicine certainly moved into an era of sophistication.

WORLD WAR II

At the end of World War II, Medical technology practice was introduced in the Philippines by the

26TH MEDICAL INFANTRY OF THE 6TH US ARMY

Where does the US Army establish the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines?

QUIRICADA ST., STA CRUZ MANILA

On what year does the U.S. army left the clinical laboratory in and endorsed it to the National Department of Health.

JUNE 1943

One of the staffs of the clinical laboratory, formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory from MARIANO ICASIANO who was then the Manila City Health Officer.

DR. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA

What year does the training of high school graduates to work as a medical technician (was revived under “Dr. Pio De Roda” and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana, no definite period of training was set, and no certificates was given to trainees.)

1947

a six-month laboratory training with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees. DR. STA ANA prepared the syllabus for the training program.

1954

Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox.

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material-beginning of bacteriology

AGOSTINO BASSI (1835)

Successful produced immunity to rabies

LOUIS PASTEUR (1857)

Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies of plants.

GREGOR MENDEL (1866)

Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms.

JOSEPH LISTER (1870)

Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later tubercle bacilli.

ROBERT KOCH (1877)

Describe phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infections.

ELLIE METCHNIKOFF (1886)

Introduced steam sterilization in surgery.

ERNST VON BERGMANN (1886)

Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system.

KARL LANDSTEINER (1902)

Developed immunologic tests for syphilis.

AUGUST VON WASSERMANN (1906)

Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called Ricketssiae

HOWARD RICKETTS (1906)

Worked out the structure of hemoglobin.

HANS FISHER (1929)

developed poliomyelitis vaccine.

JONAS SALK

Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory.

JONAS WESTGARD (1973)

Introduced the hepatitis B vaccines.

BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG (1980)

Developed the polymerase Chain Reaction

KARY MULLIS

Derived the first human stem cell line.

JAMES THOMPSON (1998)