liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

liver

largest internal organ which has many metabolic secretory functions

portal vein

brings nutrient rich blood to the liver from the intestines

secrete bile

a digestive fluid, composed of bile acids and salts

liver functions

aids in detoxification, synthesizes and stores glycogen, releases glucose into the blod, plays a role in the production of blood clotting factors

gallbladder

sac that stores and concentrates bile, which is important in digestion, contracts when food enters the duodenum and sends bile through the cystic duct and common bile duct into the duodenum

bilirubin

pigment released by the liver in bile

pancreas

endocrine and exocrine gland

exocrine function

secretes pancreatic fluid that contains digestive enzymes that pass to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct, enzymes help further break down

endocrine function

secretes insulin into the bloodstream, hormone needed to release sugar from the blood, brings glucose into cells to be used for energy

endocrine function

enzymes → duodenum for digestion

endocrine function

insulin → bloodstream to cells

jaundice

hyperbilirubinemia

portal vein

also called hepatic portal vein, not a true vein bc it does not conduct blood to the heart

portal hypertension

liver disease will cause reversed flow in the portal vein causing portal hypertension

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction and bacterial infection. appendectomy needed if rupturs.

amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starchanus

anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body

bowel

intestine

canine teeth

pointed, dog like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspid or eyeteeth

common bile duct

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; chloedochus

defecation

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

deglutition

swallowing

dentin

primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and protective layer of cementum in the root

emulsification

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

enzyme

chemical that speeds up reactions between substances

gallbladder

small sac under the liver; stores bile

glucose

simple sugar

glycogen

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

hydrochloric acid

substances produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion

incisor

one of the four front teeth in the dental arch

indulin

hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

lipase

pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

liver

large organ located in the RUQ of abdomenl

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter

mastification

chewing

molar teeth

sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

palate

roof of mouth

pancreas

organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

paillae

small, projection on the tongue

parotid gland

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the earpe

peristalsis

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

pharynx

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

protease

enzyme that digest protein

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalis passes over it

pylorus

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenumre

rectum

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

anastomoses

connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching. (end to end; end to side; side to side)

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

eructation

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

flatus

gas expelled through the anus

hematochezia

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

melena

black tarry stools; containing digested blood

steatorrhea

fat in the feces; frothy, foul smelling fecal matter

aphthouse stomatitis (canker sores)

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

dental caries

tooth decay

herpetic stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the heroes virus

oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches, usually caused by tobacco smoking or chewing

periodontal disease

inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relaxe

esophageal cancer

malignant tumor of the esophagus

esophageal varices

swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus

gastric carcinoma

malignant tumor of the stomach

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

peptic ulcer

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

hernia

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

anal fistula

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

colonic polyps

benign growths which protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both

crohn disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

diverticulosis

abnormal side pocket in the intestinal wall

dysentery

painful, inflamed intestine caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water-bacteria, amoeba or viruses

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

ileus

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. can be mechanical from adhesions or paralytic from surgery

intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

irritable bowel disease (IBD)

inflammation of the colon and small intestines

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

group of GI symptoms associated with stress and tension

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

volvulus

twisting of the intestines on itself

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder; obstruct bile flow from the gallbladder and bile ducts causing episodes of biliary colic

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver caused by alcoholism, malnutrition or hepatitis

pancreatic cancer

malignant tumor of the pancreas

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcoholism, drug, toxicity, gallstone obstruction and viral infectionvir

al hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus