AP Psych Cram Sheet

Horney

Basic childhood anxiety; Psychoanalytic

Erickson

Life crisis; psycho-social development; Psychoanalytic

Adler

Inferiority Complex; Psychoanalytic

Piaget

Stages of Cognitive Development; Cognitive theorist

Rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional Analysis

Ellis

Rational Emotive Therapy; Cognitive Theorist

Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs; Humanistic

Binet

I.Q.

Eysenck

Biological model of Personality; Trait-type hierarchy

Harlow

Monkey Studies; Attachment

Lorenz

'Survival of the Fittest Theory' and imprinting

Phineas Gage

Railroad spike; damaged (limbic system), emotions/motivational control center

Beck

Cognitive therapy treating depression

Murray

Need to achieve; TAT

Allport

Trait Approach-cardinal, central, secondary

Cattell

Crystallized Fluid Intelligence

Kelley

Personal Construct Theory

Mishel

Social-learning theory

Gilligan

Examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and Hare scenario)

Wundt

'Father of Psychology': Introspection

Wertheimer

Gestalt Psychology

Titchner

Structuralism

James

Functionalism

Watson

Behaviorism; 'Little Albert Study'

Freud

Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms

Milgram

Obedience; Ethics

Broca

Left frontal lobe: associated with expressive language

Wernicke

Left frontal lobe: receptive language

Pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogs

Thorndike

Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect

Skinner

Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons; Behaviorist

Tolman

Latent learning; cognitive maps

Bandura

Observational learning: Bobo Dolls, Social-Cognitive Theory

Ebbinghaus

Forgetting: Decay Model

Chomsky

(Native Theorist) Inherent Existence of sets of cognitive structures

Whorf

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Washoe, Sara and Koko

Apes from language studies

Jung

Collective unconscious; archetypes; Psychoanalytic

Behaviorism

Learning; environmental; nurture

Biological

Physiology; genetics; nature

Cognitive

Mental processes

Psychoanalytic

Unconscious conflicts

Humanistic

Freewill; self-direction; basis goodness of people

Gestalt

Emphasizes the organization process in behavior.

Psychoanalytic

People are driven by instincts, largely sexual.

Behaviorist

Behavior is personality; determined by history of reinforcement.

Humanistic

People are inherently good, society ruins them, people strive to satisfy a hierarchy of motives toward self-actualization.

Cognitive

People are rational and want to predict and control their world; personal constructs help in this process.

Biological

Biological factors such as body type or genetics.

Abnormal

Emerge from initial psychological conflicts that are unconscious, often arising from childhood trauma.

Biomedical

Traceable to physical abnormalities, biochemistry, structural defects.

Cognitive (Abnormal)

Results from unusual ways of thinking, inappropriate belief system.

Behavioral (Abnormal)

Results from faulty contingencies of reinforcement contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders.

Cultural

Variables such as social class, gender and rural-urban contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders.

Humanistic/Existential Model

Results from failure to fulfill one's potential.

Psychoanalysis

Alleviate unconscious conflicts.

Free association

A technique used in psychoanalysis.

Dream analysis

A technique used in psychoanalysis.

Transference

A technique used in psychoanalysis.

Symptom substitution

A technique used in psychoanalysis.

Behavior Therapy

Application of learning principles.

Systematic desensitization

A method in behavior therapy.

In vivo desensitization

A method in behavior therapy.

Counter-conditioning

A method in behavior therapy.

Flooding

Real event exposure in behavior therapy.

Implosive therapy

Imagined event exposure in behavior therapy.

Aversion therapy

A method in behavior therapy.

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Focuses on thoughts and behavior.

Cognitive therapy

Used for depression; requires the restructuring of person's invalid perceptions of self, future and the world or experience.

Rational-emotive therapy

Forces a more realistic look in evaluating circumstances.

Humanistic therapy

Focuses on getting the person to accept responsibility for their improvement.

Rogers' client-centered therapy

Involves unconditioned positive regard.

Biomedical Treatment

Includes medical procedures and medication that can help alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders.

Psychosurgery

Surgical destruction of involved brain tissue.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Used for major depression.

Psychopharmacological treatment

Includes medications such as neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium carbonate, and anxiolytics.

Independent variable

Manipulated by experimenter.

Dependent variable

Assumed to be affected by IV; measured.

Confounding variable

Other variables that may influence results.

Experiment group

Exposed to manipulation of independent variable.

Control group

An unaffected comparison group.

Subject bias

A subject's behavior changes due to believed expectations of experiment.

Researcher bias

Expectations influence what is recorded.

Double-blind technique

Control for bias by keeping placement of subject secret.

Placebo

Inactive substance unknowingly given in place of drug.

Erickson's Psychosocial Development

Stages of development including trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation.

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Stages including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Kohlberg's Moral Judgment

Stages of moral development.

Kubler-Ross' Stages of Death

Stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Weber's law

Just noticeable difference.

Young-Helmholtz Color Theory

Color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones.

Opponent-Process Color Theory

Color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs.

Place Theory

Relates perceived pitch to region.

Frequency Theory

Related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing.

Facial Feedback hypothesis

Sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling.

Statistical Significance

.05 chance accounts for results less than 5% of the time.

Template-Matching Theory

Stored copies.

Prototype-Matching Theory

Recognition involves comparison.

Feature-Analysis Theory

Patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features.

Restorative Theory

We sleep in order to replenish.