APUSH Final Chapters 13-15

“Manifest Destiny”

• Ideology that drove Americans to the West

• Justified the expansion of white Americans in new territories

• Reflected pride of American nationalism + the idealistic vision of social perfection

• America was destined by God/history to expand their boundaries

• Advocates said it wasn’t selfish, it was extending American liberty to new realms

• Said those nonwhite weren’t a part of the “American” community

Henry Clay

• A prominent politician

• Did not embrace the idea of Manifest Destiny

• Feared that territorial expansion would reopen controversy over slavery

• He was correct, it threatened the stability of the union

Stephen F. Austin

• Young immigrant to Texas from Missouri

• Established the first legal American settlement in Texas

• Recruited American immigrants to Texas

• Created a center of power that competed with the Mexican government

• Imprisoned by Santa Anna + Mexican gov, leading to anger from Americans

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• A general from Mexico in Texas

• Seized power and became a dictator imposing an autocratic regime on the nation

• Had a new law increasing powers of the Mexican government 

• This would decrease the power state governments, aimed for Texas

Alamo

• Santa Anna led an army into Texas and annihilated the American garrison here

• American settlers were struggling to organize their new nation

• They couldn’t decide who their commanders were, or a legitimate government

Sam Houston

• American general in Texas

• Even though many Americans fled, he gathered a small force + defeated Mexico

• Became the new president of Texas

• Sent a delegation to Washington to be annexed by the U.S.

Battle of San Jacinto

• Americans defeated Mexican army and took Santa Anna prisoner 

• Killed many Mexican soldiers like done to the Americans at Goliad

• Santa Anna signed a treaty giving Texas independence

John Tyler

• President of the United States

• Texas reached out to Europe

• They wanted to make a southwestern nation rivaling the U.S.

• In response to this he persuaded Texas to apply for statehood

California Gold Rush

• The largest amount of migrants in America, people came in search for a new life

• Attracted many single men, mostly young. Poor people couldn’t come

• The travelers would join groups or families as laborers

• Some hoped for quick riches, some buying land and property

• Others wanted to establish themselves as merchants

• Some (like Mormons) were on a religious mission/wanted to escape diseases

• Most were looking for economic opportunities

• Traveling was hard, with difficult terrain and journeys lasting 5-6 months

• Men would drive and hunt, women would cook/wash and care for children

• Women worked harder and longer than the men

James K. Polk

• Represented Tennessee in the House of Representatives, was the Speaker

• Served as governor, but was out of public office by Election of 1844

• Won support of the Democrats

• Became President of the United States

Zachary Taylor

• American General 

• When James Polk accepted the Texas claim of Rio Grande, he sent him to Texas

• Led a small army to protect it against possible Mexican attacks

• Stationed by the NUeces River

• However, Polk later learned Mexicans were refusing to let U.S. buy the lands

• He was instructed to move to the Rio Grande

• Some accounts said they were attacked by the Mexicans

• Polk and Congress declared war against Mexico

John Slidell

• Special minister in the United States

• Sent by Polk to buy off Mexican leaders and keep diplomacy

• Offered to buy the disputed territories, but the Mexican leaders refused

Stephen W. Kearny

• American Colonel

• Led a small army that captured Santa Fe without opposition

• He then traveled to California to join the conflict there

John C. Fremont

• Led an armed exploring party in the California conflict

• Joined by Kearney and the U.S. Navy

Winfield Scott

• Commanding general of the U.S. army

• Led an army transported down the Mexican coast

• Advanced towards Mexico City, didn’t lose a single battle

• Also chosen as Whig candidate for election of 1852

• His political views were unknown

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Negotiation between the United States (Trist) and Mexican Government

• Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S.

• They would acknowledge Rio Grande as the Texas border

• U.S. would assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico

• They would pay the Mexican government $15 million

Wilmot Proviso

• Introduced after Polk asked Congress to appropriate $2 million to purchase peace with Mexico

• An amendment to the appropriation bill

• Would prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

• Passed the House but failed in Senate

• Debated and voted on for a while

“Popular sovereignty”

• Supported by politicians regarding sectional concerns

• Allowed the people of each territory to decide the status of slavery

• This debate was unresolved when Polk left office, heavily debated

Free-Soil Party

• Opponents of slavery found candidates of Election of 1848 bad

• Created this, which drew from the Liberty Party

• Also drew from antislavery aspects of the Whig and Democratic parties

• Nominated Martin Van Buren as a candidate

• Ten members were elected to Congress

Liberty Party

• Abolitionist political party

• Inspiration for the Free-Soil Party

• Signaled inability of existing parties to contain political passions slavery created

Personal liberty laws

• Emerged in Northern states

• Stopped courts and police officers from returning slaves to slaveholders

Fugitive Slave Law/Act

• Southerners first demanded one in response to personal liberty laws

• More effective one included in a piece of legislation by Henry Clay

• Heavily debated, but defeated after six months

Millard Fillmore

• President Taylor suddenly died, he was the successor

• Considered a dignified but “dull” man

• Understood political importance of flexibility

• Supported compromise on the slavery issue

• Persuaded Northern Whigs to support it too

Compromise of 1850

•  Proposed by Douglas

• Series of separate measures to be voted on one by one

• Douglas linked the compromise to non ideological matters

• Every component was signed by President Fillmore

Ostend Manifesto

• A private document from Belgium

• A group of Pierce’s envoys sent it to him

• Stated his want for seizing Cuba by force

• When leaked to the public, angered many antislavery  Northerners

• Thought administration was conspiring to bring another slave state into the Union

Transcontinental railroad

•  There was a problem of communication between older states + areas west of Mississippi River

• People supported this, but wasn’t sure where to put it

• Didn’t know where to locate its eastern terminus, which  would connect with network east  of Mississippi

• North favored Chicago, South favored St. Louis/Memphis/New Orleans

James Gadsden/Gadsden Purchase

• Southern railroad builder

• Jefferson Davis (secretary of war) sent him to Mexico

• Persuaded the government to sell land to the U.S.

• Part of present day Arizona and New Mexico

• This land would facilitate a southern route for the transcontinental railroad

• Made the sectional rivalry clearer

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Stephen A. Douglas introduced a bill organizing a new territory

• He knew South would oppose it because it would be introducing a new free state

• Made this measure as a compromise

• Said the slavery of the territory would be determined by territorial legislature

• Also had a clause repealing the Missouri Compromise

• The area was divided into these two territories

• One was more likely to become a slave state

• Approved and became a law with all support from South and some from North

Republican Party

• Formed by the Anti-Nebraska Democrats & Whigs

• Instantly became major force in American politics

• Won seats in Congress, allowed them to organize the House of Representatives

John Brown

• Abolitionist in Kansas, highly disliked slavery

• Considered himself an instrument of God’s will to destroy slavery

• Moved here with his sons to fight to make Kansas a free state

• Gathered followers to attack pro-slavery settlers

Potawatomie Massacre

• Led by John Brown after the Lawrence incident

• Gathered 6 followers (4 of his sons)

• Killed five pro-slavery settlers in one night

• They left their bodies to discourage other slavery supporters

• Caused more chaos in Kansas, guerrilla warfare by armed bands:

• Some were more interested in getting land/goods than caring for the cause

“Bleeding Kansas”

• Kansas was divided and in violence because of the slavery issue

• North/South believed events here were caused by aggressive sectional designs

• This became a symbol of sectional controversy

Charles Sumner

• From Massachusetts, in the Senate

• Opponent of slavery 

• After giving “The Crime Against Kansas”, was attacked by Brooks

• Was so gravely injured he was unable to return to Senate for four years

• Became a hero in North

• Considered a “martyr” who survived the viciousness in the South

Andrew P. Butler

• Senator from South Carolina

• Outspoken defender of slavery

• Attacked in “The Crime Against Kansas”

Preston Brooks

• Member of the House of Representatives from South Carolina

• Nephew of Andrew P. Butler

• Enraged by “The Crime Against Kansas” by Sumner

• Beat Sumner with a heavy cane in the Senate chamber during a recess

• Became a hero in the South

• Resigned from the House because of their disapproval

• However, he was reelected

James Buchanan

• President of the United States

• From Pennsylvania

• Democratic candidate for election of 1856

• Was a minister to England, so wasn’t there for the “Bleeding Kansas” conflict

Dred Scott v. Sandford

• One of the most controversial Supreme Court cases

• Supreme Court was so divided there wasn’t a single ruling

• However, favored Sanford in the end

• Southerners were happy, Supreme Court supported their most extreme argument

• Northerners were dismayed, worried that Congress was powerless in this issue

Dred Scott

• Enslaved man from Missouri

• Owned by an army surgeon who took him to Illinois + Wisconsin (free states)

• Slaveholder died, he sued the widow for freedom because he was in free territory

Circuit court

• Scott filed a lawsuit here for his freedom

• His claim applied to the Missouri law, so they declared him free

John Sandford

• Brother of the widow of the slaveholder who owned Scott

• Claimed ownership of Scott, appeals circuit court decision to state supreme court

Missouri State Supreme Court

• Sandford appeals to here

• They reversed the earlier decision of freeing Scott

Roger Taney

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

• Declared Scott can’t sue because he is African American, so he isn’t a citizen

• Said enslaved people were property under the Constitution

• Congress had no authority to pass a law depriving someone of slave property in the territories

• States the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Lecompton Constitution

• Pro-slavery forces held a convention, free-states refused to participate 

• Pro-slavery forces won control of it and framed a constitution

• This legalized slavery and refused to give voters a chance to reject it

• This group submitted it to voters, who rejected it

• However, Buchanan pressured Congress to admit Kansas over this

• Democrats refused to support this proposal, and it died here

• Congress approved a compromise: the constitution would be submitted again

• If approved, Kansas would be admitted to the Union

• If rejected, statehood would be postponed 

• Voting happened again, and it was once again rejected

• Kansas only entered the Union later as a free state

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• Lincoln: successful lawyer who was involved in state politics

• Douglas: national political figure

• Lincoln wanted to increase his visibility by engaging with Douglas

• Became very popular, in the newspapers

• Douglas didn’t have a moral position on slavery

• Followed the normal white beliefs, opposed black citizenship

• Lincoln wasn’t an abolitionist, but stated slavery as morally wrong

• Said blacks deserve the rights given to whites in the Declaration of Independence

• Wanted to “arrest the further spread” of slavery

• Douglas won Senate but didn’t advance any of his ambitions raise enthusiasm

• Lincoln lost but emerged with a strong following

U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry

•  John Brown led followers to seize control here

• Wanted to seize a fortress in Virginia + start a slave insurrection in the South

• However, he was unsuccessful and didn’t have enough support 

Election of 1860

• One of the most complex elections

• Lincoln v. Douglas v. Breckenridge v. Bell

• Lincoln won by majority, became president

• Republicans failed to win majority in Congress

• Lincoln’s win lead to white Southerners to think they were helpless in the Union

• Lead to some coming violence

Abraham Lincoln

• Republican 

• President of the United States

• Also served as a Union military commander

• Took advantage of the North’s material advantages

• Objective was to destroy Confederate armies, not occupy Southern territory

Secession

• To withdrawal from the nation

• South Carolina did it first

Confederate States of America

• Seven states seceded from America when Lincoln became president

• Met in Montgomery, Alabama

• Formed this new nation

James Buchanan

• President of the United States

• Told Congress that no state had the right to secede from the Union

• However, suggested the federal gov had no authority to stop states that did

Fort Sumter

• Offshore military installation

• On an island in the harbor of Charleston, SC

• SC sent commissioners to ask Buchanan to surrender it

• Buchanan ordered additional troops and supplies to here

• The first shots were fired between North and South

• If Lincoln surrendered it: commitment to maintaining Union wouldn’t be credible

Union advantages

• Population was twice as large

• Had more manpower reserve for armies and workforce

• Advanced industrial system, manufactured almost all of its own war materials

• Better transportation system: more and better railroads

Confederacy advantages

• Fighting a defensive war on their own land

• Local support + familiarity with territory

• Clear and firm commitment

• Believed to have support of England and France:

• Their textile industries had dependence on American cotton

“Peace Democrats”/ “Copperheads”

• Opposed the Civil War

• Against the draft law

New York City draft riot

• People against it rose up for four days

• This was after the first names were selected

• One of the most violent uprisings in America

• Irish workers were at the center of violence

• They blamed African Americans for the war

• Thought people were fighting for their benefit but they’d be competing with white workers for jobs

• Killed many African Americans, burned down homes and businesses, and destroyed an orphanage 

• Subdued by federal troops

Lincoln’s ‘stretching’ of the Constitution

• He wanted to establish his own authority

• Ignored “inconvenient” parts of it

• Sent troops into battle without asking Congress for a declaration of war

• ‘Asking Congress for permission would recognize CSA as an independent nation’

• Increased size of army without receiving legislative authority

• Proclaimed a naval blockade of the South

Border states

• Region between the North and South

• Slave states that chose to stay with the Union

• Lincoln used methods here to suppress opposition of the Civil War

Clement L. Vallandigham

• Copperhead Congressman from Ohio

• Opposed the Civil War, gave a speech

• Speech claimed the purpose of it was to free slaves + enslave white Americans

• Seized by military and exiled to the Confederacy

Ex parte Merryman

• Writ by Roger B. Taney

• Required Lincoln to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader

• Ignored by Lincoln

Ex parte Milligan

• Supreme Court ruled in it

• Said military trials in areas where the civil courts existed were unconstitutional

Union Party

• Formed by Republicans

• Would be a combination of all groups that supported the Civil War

• Mostly Republican Party and some War Democrats

War Democrats

• Democrats who supported the Civil War

• Small faction of it joined the Union Party

Andrew Johnson

• From Tennessee

• A War Democrat

• Defied his state’s decision to secede

• Nominated as vice president

George B. McClellan

• Democrat candidate for election of 1864

• Celebrated former Union general: relieved of his command by Lincoln 

• Repudiated the demand of denouncing the war

• Replaced Scott as commander in chief

• Considered arrogant and had an “inadequate grasp” of strategy, removed

Radical Republicans

• Republicans  that disagreed on the issue of slavery

• Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely

Thaddeus Stevens

• Representative from Pennsylvania

• Leader in Congress of the Radical Republicans

Charles Sumner

• Senator from Massachusetts

• Leader in Congress of the Radical Republicans

Battle of Antietam/Antietam Creek

• The Union was victorious

• After the victory, Lincoln announced he was going to use his war powers

• He would issue an executive order freeing all slaves in the Confederacy

• Lee vs McClellan

• McClellan stalled, Confederates pulled together their forces

• Huge amount of casualties

• Jackson’s troops came to reinforce Confederates

• McClellan broke through with one more assault

• However, let Lee retreat into Virginia

• Lincoln removed McClellan from command

Emancipation Proclamation

• Signed by Lincoln

• Declared forever free enslaved people in all areas of the Confederacy

• This excluded the ones already under Union control: TN, WV,  and southern LA

• Didn’t apply to border states: they never succeeded so not subject to war powers

• Clearly established that the war was being fought also to eliminate slavery

• Before: just to preserve the Union

• Led to freeing of thousands of slaves as federal armies took parts of the South

13th Amendment

• Final step in abolishing slavery

• Was abolishing slavery as an institution in all parts of the U.S.

• Ceased the existence of legalized slavery

54th Massachusetts Infantry

• Black regiment

• Organized fighting unit in the Civil War

• Over half died in a battle near Charleston, SC

Jefferson Davis

• From Mississippi

• Became provisional president of the Confederacy

• Moderate secessionist pre-Civil War

• Considered a newer aristocrat of the West

• In the end, determined to be an unsuccessful president

• Able administrator + dominating figure in gov

• Didn’t face much interference

• However, didn’t really provide genuine national leadership

Alexander H. Stephens

• From Georgia

• Became vice president of the Confederacy

• Argued against secession

States’ rights

• Many southerners resisted national authority because of their  belief in this

• Restricted Davis’s ability to impose martial law + suspend habeas corpus

• Obstructed conscription

• Some state governors tried to keep their troops apart from Confederate forces

• Wanted to hoard surplus supplies for their own militia

Blockade

•  The Northern naval one was very effective

• Led to the South experiencing a massive shortage of everything

• Didn’t grow enough food to meet its own needs

• They focused only on producing export crops (cotton)

Army of the Potomac

• Union armies in the East

• Commanded by George B. McClellan

Ulysses S. Grant

• General of the United States/Union

• Chosen by Lincoln to be chief of staff

• Shared Lincoln’s belief in targeting enemy armies and resources

• Submitted broad outlines of plans to Lincoln for approval

• However, he was given a relatively free hand

Committee on the Conduct of the War

• Joint investigative committee of the two Congress houses

• Most powerful voice in formulating war policies the legislative branch has had

• Constantly scrutinized Lincoln + Grant’s handling of the Civil War

• Complained that the Northern generals were insufficiently ruthless

• Caused Radicals here to have secret sympathy to slavery

Robert E. Lee

• General of the Confederacy

• Named by Davis to be his principal military adviser

• Left Richmond to command forces in the field, Davis to plan strategy alone

William Tecumseh Sherman

• Professional military officer

• Along with Grant, most successful officers

• Saw beyond academic training in the U.S. Military Academy

• Envisioned a new kind of warfare

• In this, destruction of resources was as important as battlefield tactics

Merrimac/Virginia

• North had a naval blockade of the Southern coast

• Confederates tried to break it with new weapons

• Made an ironclad warship made by plating iron on this

• A former U.S. frigate the Yankees abandoned in Norfolk when Virginia seceded

• Confederates were trying to break the North naval blockade

• Took it and plated it with iron, renamed it this

• Left Norfolk to attack ships, destroying two Northern ships

Monitor

• Ironclad ship built by the Union government

• Arrived to Virginia coast right after the Virginia sunk some ships

• Neither vessel sunk the other but it put an end to Virginia’s raid

• Preserved the naval blockade in the South

William Seward

• Union secretary for state

• Became one of the greatest

• Received assistance from Adams

Trent affair

• Confederate diplomats James Mason + Slidell slipped through blockaded Cuba

• Boarded this English steamer to go to England, arrested by Union (Wilkes)

• British gov demanded their release and an apology

• Lincoln stalled negotiations, not wanting to risk war with England

• Waited for American public opinion to calm, released them with indirect apology

Manassas/First Battle of Bull Run

• First big battle between North and South

• McDowell almost dispersed the Confederate forces

• Confederates had a savage counterattack

• Union troops were exhausted and panicked, retreated chaotically

• McDowel ordered a disorderly a retreat

• Confederates were also disorganized

• They didn’t pursue, sort of supplies + transportation

• Blow to Union morale and President Lincoln’s confidence in his officers

• Destroyed illusion that Civil War would be brief

David G. Farragut

• Commanded a Union squadron of ironclads and wooden vessels

• Gathered in Gulf of Mexico

• Smashed past weak Confederate forts near the Mississippi River

New Orleans

• Farragut sailed up to here from the Gulf of Mexico

• Defenseless because Confederate high command expected attack from north

• Surrendered, first major Union victory

• Mouth of the Mississippi was closed to Confederate trade

• Union had control of the South’s largest city + most important banking center

Battle of Shiloh

•  Grant marched to Tennessee

• Caught  by surprise by a force commanded by Johnston and Beauregard

• Johnston was killed, Grant was driven back to the Tennessee River

• Grant got reinforcements, returned and forced Beaureard to withdraw

Peninsular Campaign

• Union: George McClellan

• Wanted to capture the Confederate capital Richmond

• Chose a complicated route that he thought would avoid the Confederates

• The navy would carry his troops to between the York and James Rivers

• Had part of his army, those under Irvin McDowell stayed to protect Washington

Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

• General who led a Confederate army

• Set up the Valley Campaign

Battle of the Seven Days

• Lee and Stonewall Jackson vs Lee

• After the Battle of Fair Oaks

• Lee wanted to cut McClellan off from his base on the York River 

• He would then destroy isolated Union army

• McClellan crossed the peninsula and set up a new base on the James

• Received naval support, and kept the Army of Potomac safe

• McClellan was in a good position to attack, but delayed

Vicksburg

• One of Confederacy’s remaining strongholds on the southern Mississippi River

• Well protected by South with rough terrain and artillery coverage

• Grant moved men and supplies to south of it, where terrain was better

• Attacked it from the rear

• Residents were suffering from a siege, surrendered to the Union

• Union now controlled the whole Mississippi

• Turning point for the war, key victory

Battle of Gettysburg

• Meade vs. Lee

• Union had more people in the army

• Meade established a strong, well-protected position south of the town

• Lee attacked, confident and combative

• Lost nearly a third of his army, withdrew

• Major turning point in the war

• Confederate forces were never able to threaten Northern territory seriously again

March to the Sea

• Began by Sherman

• Cut a sixty-mile-wide “swath” of desolation across Georgia

• His army lived off the land and destroyed su-pplies

• Wanted to make war a terrible and costly thing for his opponent

• Deprived Confederate army of war materials and railroad communications

• Aimed to break the will of Southern people by burning towns and plantations

• Unopposed until reaching North Carolina, wasn’t stopped

Appomattox Court House

• Lee was unable to defend Richmond, tried to link up with Johnston in NC

• Pursued and blocked by Union army

• Agreed to meet Grant here (Virginia)

• Surrendered the remains of his forces

• Afterwards, Johnston surrendered to Sherman (NC)

Reconstruction

• Struggle to define the meaning of freedom

• Applied to both African Americans and white people

• Determined by politics

• Some Northerners wanted the South to be punished

• Others wanted it to be transformed, urbanized like the North

• Change their “backward” + “undemocratic” society into a modern + civilized one

Freedmen

• An emancipated slave

• Troops were sent to the south to protect them

• They believed freedom meant getting the same rights as white people

13th Amendment

• Abolished slavery everywhere else in the U.S.

• Despite this, white planters would legally tie black workers to their plantations

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Agency established by Congress

• Purpose was to protect the freedmen

• Distributed food to enslaved people, established schools

• Only had authority to operate for one year

• Not a permanent solution, too small to deal with the problems in Southern society

Conservative Republicans

• Disagreed on Reconstruction

• Insisted South should accept the abolition of slavery but proposed conditions for readmission of seceded states