Period 4 APUSH Test

Republican Simplicity

Deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchical pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson in his presidency.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

egalitarian

believing in the social and economic equality of all people

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase on "Voyage of Discovery". They crossed the Rockies and reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They recorded the types of wildlife, plants, and number of Indian tribes. They mapped the region and promoted fur trading

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Impressment of American sailors

Britain forcing American sailors believed to be of British origin into the British navy, regardless of their citizenship, seen as mockery of American sovereignty.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

What was the War of 1812?

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain.

What caused the War of 1812?

American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans.

Who were the War Hawks?

Young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who argued for war in Congress.

What was one of the U.S. goals during the War of 1812?

To seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Spain.

Who led U.S. troops in the seizure of Florida during the War of 1812?

Andrew Jackson.

What significant event occurred in Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812?

The British invaded and burned Washington, D.C.

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo.

What happened two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed?

Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

What impact did the War of 1812 have on American nationalism?

It strengthened American nationalism.

How did the War of 1812 encourage the growth of industry?

The war encouraged the growth of industry in the U.S.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

A group of Native Americans under leadership of Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his prophet brother Tenskwatawa; its mission of fighting off American expansion was thwarted in the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), when the confederacy fell apart.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

steamboats

Boats that could easily paddle upstream, became vital part of America's transportation system. Robert Fulton sailed his steamboat, the Clermont, up the Hudson River.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

clipper ships

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Pony Express

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

telegraph systems

System of electronic communication invented by Samuel F. B. Morse that could be transmitted instantaneously across great distances (first used in the 1840s).

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Popular in the South

McCormick Reaper

(1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Lowell system

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Know-Nothings

the American party, formed in July of 1854. It was a secret, and so those who were questioned, answered I know nothing. In the 1850s, there were a large group.

National Trades' Union

the first national association of trade unions, formed in 1834. Began to seek better wages, working conditions, and job security - resented bankers and owners

professions

Highly-esteemed white collar occupations that require a great deal of education

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Bank of the US

The central bank of the nation designed to facilitate the issuance of a stable national currency and to provide a convenient means of exchange for the people. The bank was responsible for providing the nation economic stability.

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819
*Marshall Court decision
*Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business
*New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked
*The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties
*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Transcontinental Treaty

Treaty signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

campaign of 1828

Up until this point the presidential candidates were nominated by party leaders in congress, campaign was marked by mudslinging and was between Andrew Jackson and John Adams.

Election of 1828

The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Bank War

Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks"; Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Tarrif of Abominations

Name the Southerners gave to the Tariff of 1828. It wreaked havoc during Jackson's presidency. Southerners felt the financial strain of the tariffs due to their reliance on northern commodities. Felt they were being treated unfairly, and they rallied against the Tariff of 1828 and against Jackson

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon

Indian Removal Acts

[1830] Jackson's policy force Native Americans to give up their lands & move to the West. This was met with a lot of protest: The Black Hawk War, the 2nd Seminole War, but the Natives eventually surrendered and gave up their lands for nothing. The Cherokees were forced to walk the journey known has the Trail of Tears, where 3000 of their people died.

5 civilized tribes

Native American tribes who had adopted American ways--Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Seminole

Major Ridge

Cherokee chief who signed the Treaty of New Echota and was consequently killed

John Ross

The Cherokee Chief who went to Washington asking for past treaties be honored and his people not to be removed from their land.

Tribal Sovereignty

Inherent authority of tribes within the borders of the United States to self-govern and make decisions about their people.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Distribution Act

Pressured by Henry Clay, the government distributed the surplus from selling western lands among the states as loans. Surplus was proportionately divided according to each state's representation in the two houses of Congress

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Two party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199)

Independent Treasury Act

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Old Southwest

Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers after the American Revolution.

Cotton Kingdom

Nickname given to the American South after Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin allowed it to produce massive amounts of cotton (and become wholly reliant on slave labor)

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Mulattoes

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

Spirtuals

Religious songs based on Bible stories that slaves often sang to help them cope with the hardships of slavery life.

Plantation Mistress

Matriarch of a planter's household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Unitarians

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Universalists

Those who believe that some fundamental ethical principles are universal and unchanging. In this vision, these principles are valid regardless of the context or situation.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

frontier revivals

Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches in western territories and states in the early nineteenth century.

Mormon Church

(1830) - religious denomination Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints based on the Book of Mormon started by Joseph Smith in Ohio. Taken over by Brigham Young in 1844 and moved to Utah where they started a prosperous community. Had problems with the federal govt.

Transdentalism

Was a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than through reason

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands