Survey of Human Disease

Final Exam

Which of the following is true about PET Scan?

There can be an increase in activity level when a cancer metastasis is detected, A biologically active molecule is attached to a positron-emitting radionuclide, The active tracer can be used as an indicator of metabolic activity (All of the above)

Prevalence

__________ number of cases of a disease in a population at a specific time.

MRI

Diagnostic modality that is based on the principle that when hydrogen atoms are placed in an external magnetic field they can emit radiofrequency energy.

Type 1 Diabetes is an example of:

an autoimmune disease that affects insulin production.

Cleft lip and cleft palate are examples of

Cogenital

CAT scan (CT)

Diagnosing modality based on obtaining multiple X-ray images taken at different angles and integrating the images into a three-dimensional picture by a computer.

Benign and malignant cancers are considered ________________.

Neoplastic diseases

__________ can be used to obtain cells from a suspicious lesion.

Fine Needle Aspiration(FNA)

Incidence

__________ is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease.

A 25-year-old female presents with complaints of pelvic pain. A pap smear is performed to screen for cervical cancer. What type of biopsy is commonly used for this screening?

A Scrape

A patient presents with complaints of back pain and numbness in their legs after a car accident. The patient reports that they also have a pacemaker. What would be the best option for imaging?

CT Scan

What type of hypersensitivity is common in incompatible blood transfusions?

Type ll

What is the primary cell in the inflammatory response?

Neutrophil

___________ causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Histamine

T lymphocytes can respond by producing ___________.

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

The T lymphocyte can only respond to a __________ antigen

Presented

The inflammatory response is considered _________

Non-Specific Immunity

Anaphylaxis induced by a peanut allergy would be an example of hypersensitivity reaction

Type l

Common cytokines include which of the following?

Interferon, Interleukin, Tumor necrosis factor

How does HIV CAUSE opportunistic infections?

Reduction of Helper T cells

The term "phago" in phagocytic cell means __________.

To eat

Kaposi Sarcoma is an AIDS related tumor of the ______

Connective Tissue

_____________ directly attack and destroy other cells

Cytotoxic T cells

When a B-lymphocyte encounters an antigen it will engulf, digest, and produce antibodies and_________.

Memory Cells

How does exercise affect the immune system?

It can reduce the effects of immunosenescence

In what stage of syphilis can spirochetes remain dormant for 1-30 years?

Latent Stage

Which of the following are diagnostic tests that can test for Syphilis?

Chancre Scrapings, Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption, Venereal Disease Research Lab (VDRL), Rapid Plasma Regain (RPR)

Spyphilic damage to the nervous system, heart, and joints typically occurs in

Tertiary phase

What is the most common STI in the world?

HPV

Which is an infection site for Gonorrhea?

Urethra, Prostate, Pharynx

Which of the following diseases are capable of spreading via vertical transmission?

Aids

Antibiotics act by all but

Increasing host immune response

Where do most MRSA cases originate from?

Hospitals

What type of treatment is available for HPV

Freezing, Surgical Excision, Laser

Which of the following is true about HSV-1?

Known as the Herpes Oralis, Usually acquired during childhood years, Usually presents as groups of smaller blisters

Pregnant women with chlamydia can transmit the organism to newborns during vaginal delivery.

True

Which STD can result in the growth of a chancre?

Primary Syphilis

After the Gram staining procedure, what color will Gram-positive bacteria be?

Purple

Which of the following are symptoms of Neisseria Gonorrhea infection?

reduced fertility, PID, Urethritis in men

_____________ is capable of transmitting a communicable disease from person to person through close contact.

Direct Transmission

Intracellular gram negative cocci are characteristic of

Gonorrhea

Which stage of infection involves mild, nonspecific symptoms?

Prodroma

What is the incubation period for chlamydia

1-2 weeks

What type of Surgery may be used when cancer is localized to one area of the body?

Curative Surgery

If a surgeon performs a debulking surgery on a patient with stage 4 cancer, what might follow to continue treatment?

Radiation AND chemotherapy

What is the difference between grading and staging?

Staging indicates the size and spread of the tumor while grading indicates the status of the tumor cells

What sites are least likely to be damaged during Chemotherapy?

Lung Tissue

Which of the following is a cancer risk factor?

Hepatitis C, Tobacco, Sunlight

Which of the following viruses is not a risk factor for cancer?

 

Epstein-Barr

 

HIV

 

Human papilloma virus

 

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A

Which of the following is TRUE for in situ carcinoma?

 

They are a group of abnormal cells that are only found where they first formed

 

Metastasized carcinomas to at least 1 other site of the body

 

Are considered a stage 1 cancer

 

It will not spread to other parts of the body

They are a group of abnormal cells that are only found where they first formed

Which is true about tumor markers?

Not a good method for screening

Which vaccine is considered cancer preventing?

 

b. Gardasil

 

D. a and c

 

a. Shingles

 

E. a, b and c

 

c. Pneumovax

Gardasil (HPV Vacc.)

What does the "M" in a TNM classification refer to?

Development of cancer in areas distant from primary site

Which is the leading site of cancer deaths in women?

 

Lung and bronchus

 

Breast

 

Ovary

 

Pancreas

Lung and Bronchus

Which of the following is TRUE for Benign tumors?

 

May be encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue

 

Loses cellular characteristics

 

Invades other tissue

 

Grows by invasion

May be encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue

________ may mutate and cause the cell to grow out of control and lead to cancer

 

Suppressor genes

 

DNA repair genes

 

Gene mutations

 

Proto-oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes

Sarcomas are ________

Cancers derived from connective tissue

Genotype XXY

 

Downs Syndrome

 

None of the above

 

Klinefelter's syndrome

 

Turners Syndrome

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Meiosis

Produces haploid cells (having 1 chromosome of each pair)

Which step is not a part of the cell cycle?

 

Telophase

 

Cytophase

 

Metaphase

 

Anaphase.

 

Prophase

Cytophase (think of PMAT)

What does not occur in mitosis?

 

Replication of proteins

 

Replication of chromosomes

 

Translocation

 

Cell division

Translocation

Genotype XO

 

Turner's Syndrome

 

Klinefelter's Syndrome

 

Downs Syndrome

 

None of the above

Turner’s Syndrome

Karyotype

A "picture" of the chromosomes that can be used to identify people with chromosome abnormalities

Which is false regarding achondroplasia?

 

Most cases are the result of a new mutation rather than it being inherited

 

It is inherited through an autosomal dominant pattern

 

A primary health problem associated with achondroplasia is cardiovascular disease

 

Those affected have shortened long bones

A primary health problem associated w/ achondroplasia is cardiovascular disease

Human skin cells have____pairs of autosomes.

 

20

 

23

 

21

 

24

 

22

22

When a particular gene is expressed whether it is in the heterozygous or the homozygous state, this gene is referred to as

Dominant

Daughter cells are identical to initial parent cell

 

Mitosis

 

Both

 

Meiosis

 

None of the above

Mitosis

Which of the following does not exhibit an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?

 

Cystic fibrosis

 

Familial hypercholesterolemia

 

Phenylketonuria

 

Tay Sachs disease

Familial hypercholesterolemia

An enzyme deficiency that can lead to the accumulation of phenylalanine and phenyl pyruvic acid and causes mental deficiency.

 

Tay Sachs Disease

 

Hemochromatosis

 

PKU

 

Cystic Fibrosis

 

None of the above

PKU

Which statement regarding LDL cholesterol is true?

 

Keep your lows high

 

Keep your lows low

 

Both

 

Neither

Keep your lows low

Which statement is incorrect about the aorta?

 

Carries oxygenated blood.

 

Largest artery of all the arteries.

 

Carries blood to the lungs

 

Gives rise to the two coronary arteries

Carries blood to lungs

The right atrium receives blood from the

 

Inferior vena cava

 

Superior vena cava

 

Coronary sinus

 

All of the above

 

None of the above

All of the above

Which is the correct sequence of blood flow.

Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery

Which is not an essential component of fetal circulation?

 

Foramen ovale

 

Tetralogy of Fallot

 

Ductus arteriosus

 

Umbilical vein

Tetralogy of Fallot

Sinoatrial Node

The pacemaker of the heart

Systole

The force that the left ventricle creates by contracting to pump blood through the arteries

HDL

Transports cholesterol away from a plaque and to the liver?

Which statement regarding HDL cholesterol is true?

 

Keep your highs low

 

Keep your highs high

 

Both

 

Neither

Keeps your highs high

Which chamber of the heart would be most impacted by a heart attack, or myocardial infarction?

 

Left ventricle

 

Right ventricle

 

Left atrium

 

Right atrium

Left Ventricle

Coarctation of the aorta and VSD would be considered as elements of

 

Hypertensive disease

 

Coronary artery disease

 

Congenital Heart Disease

 

Cardiac Conduction Disorder

 

Hypercholesterolemia

Congenital Heart disease

Oxygenated blood can be found in:

Pulmonary Vein

Flow rate through the coronary artery varies with the ____power of the luminal diameter.

 

First

 

Fourth

 

Second

 

Fifth

 

Third

Fourth

Which is not a type of shock

 

Hypovolemic

 

They all are types of shock.

 

Cardiogenic

 

Anaphylactic

 

Septic

They all are types of shock

defining characteristics of Hepatic cancers that result in death include obstruction of digestion and impaired nutrient absorption?

False

a mammogram is a high frequency sound wave image that may report signs breast cancer?

False

Spina bifida affects how many births in the US?

 

1 in 500

 

1 in 10,000

 

1 in 7,259

 

1 in 2,758

1 in 2,758

Uracil is an essential nitrogen base in DNA?

False

What symptoms might prompt a physician to order an echocardiogram?

 

Fatigue after exercise

 

Drowsiness after a large meal

 

Arrythmia

 

Dizziness

Arrythmia

Plaques are waxy buildup comprised of

Cholesterol and inflammatory cells within the arterial wall

Hemophilia is associated with:

 

Sex-linked traits

 

Polycythemia

 

Coagulation defects

 

A and C

 

None of the above

A and C (sex linked and coag. defects)

Hemostasis requires which of the following?

 

Adequate number of coagulation factors

 

Adequate number of platelets

 

Adequate number of coagulation inhibitors

 

Vasoconstriction as blood vessels respond to injury

 

All of the above

All of the above

Lymphocyte

leukocyte is responsible for specific immunity against antigens

All of the following are associated with thrombocytopenia except:

 

Headaches

 

Ecchymosis

 

Petechiae

 

Purpura

Headaches

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of coagulation factors?

 

Vitamin C

 

Vitamin B

 

Vitamin K

 

Vitamin A

Vitamin K

Which is not a type of leukocyte?

 

Neutrophil

 

Monocyte

 

Erythrocyte

 

Basophil

Erythrocyte

Sickle cell anemia:

 

Abnormal hemoglobin synthesis

 

Abnormal hemoglobin

 

Enzyme defects

 

Abnormal shape

Abnormal hemoglobin

Basophils

least common of the WBCs and they secrete histamine and heparin

What is the primary purpose of the blood?

Transportation

Anemia Categories: Renal Failure can cause

 

Decrease production of the erythropoietin by the kidney

 

Increase production of erythropoietin by the liver

 

Decrease production of erythropoietin by the liver

 

Increase production of erythropoietin by the kidney

Decrease prod. of erythropoietin by the kidney

Hereditary spherocytosis results from:

 

Abnormal hemoglobin synthesis

 

Enzyme defects

 

Abnormal hemoglobin

 

Abnormal red blood cell shape

Abnormal red blood cell shape