Studied by 9 peoplesmall intestines
Where does food enter after the stomach?
small intestines, enzymes, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Where does the rest of chemical digestion occur? What is the chemical digestion dependent on? Secreted by which organs?
exocrine, endocrine
What are the two portions that the pancreas has?
pancreatic duct
Where do the pancreatic juices enter?
empty the secretions into the duodenum
What does the pancreatic duct do?
cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream which maintain homeostasis
What does the endocrine portion of the pancreas have?
insulin, glucagon
What are some examples of hormones that the endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes?
sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
What substances does the pancreatic juice have? (9 things)
neutralize chyme coming in from stomach
What does sodium bicarbonate do?
digest starch
What does pancreatic amylase do?
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase
Which enzymes in the pancreatic juice are responsible for digesting proteins?
digest proteins
What do trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase do?
digest triglycerides
What does pancreatic lipase do?
digest DNA and RNA
What do ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease do?
inactive form, other enzymes, small intestines
Many enzymes in the pancreas are secreted in ________ ______. They are activated by _______ ___________ in the _____ __________ once they arrive there.
liver
After the skin, what is the heaviest organ in the body?
diaphragm
What is the liver inferior to?
posterior surface of liver
Where is the gallbladder located?
large, small
The liver has a _____ right lobe and a _______ left lobe
falciform ligament, ligamentum teres (round ligament), coronary ligaments
What is the liver suspended by? (3 things)
lobule
What is the functional unit of the liver?
hexagon, hepatocytes
What is the lobule shaped like? What type of cells are they made of?
a central vein
What are the hepatocytes arranged around?
permeable capillaries, sinusoids
What are present in the central vein that the hepatocytes are arranged around? What are these also known as?
hepatocytes
What is bile secreted by?
small intestines, gallbladder
Some of the bile secreted by hepatocytes enters what right away? Some of the bile is stored in where?
water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments
What is the brownish liquid composed of? (5 things)
excretory product, digestive secretion
What are the two parts that bile is composed of?
bilirubin, hemoglobin of broken down red blood cells
In the excretory product of the bile, the pigment is _________ which comes from?
intestines, stercobilin, gives feces its brown color
Where is the bilirubin further broken down in? What is it turned into? What does this do?
emulsify fats, absorb lipids
What do the bile salts in the digestive secretion help to do?
break down large lipid globules into smaller ones, pancreatic lipase to act on them
What does emulsification do? What does this allow for?
hepatic artery
Where does the liver receive oxygenated blood from?
hepatic portal vein
Where does the liver get deoxygenated, but nutrient-rich blood from?
small intestines
Where does the hepatic portal vein arise from?
sinusoids
Once in the liver, where does the blood from the liver go to?
oxygen, nutrients, toxins
What enters the hepatocytes? (3 things)
back into blood via central vein to hepatic vein
Where are the products of hepatocytes and unneeded nutrients secreted?
regulates blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, processes drugs and hormones, excrete bilirubin, make bile salts, storage, phagocytosis of old cells and bacteria, activates vitamin D
What are the nine functions of the liver?
Note
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