Praxis El Ed science

renewable energy

energy sources that can be naturally replenished within a short period of time

what is the most common gas in Earths atmosphere

nitrogen

condensation

water vapor turns back into liquid

process that forms clouds

condensation

process that turns water from liquid to gas

evaporation

rain and snow

precipitation

elastic wave caused my an earthquake

seismic waves

surface waves

waves that move along the earths surface but not its interior

subduction

sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate

convergent

coming together

divergent

pulling apart

tsunamis

giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions undersea

secondary (S waves)

second fastest wave, cannot travel through liquids or gases

earthquakes

sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates

primary (P waves)

fastest waves, travel through solid, liquid, and gas

canyons

weathering and erosion caused by movement of river, can also be formed by tectonic activity

volcanoes

magma within earths upper mantle erupts through the surface

mountains

earths tectonic plates smashing together

transpiration

plants suck water from the roots to the small pores in the leaves, releasing water vapor into the atmosphere

plate tectonics

theory that earths outer shell is divided into several plaes that glide over the mantle, causing earth to separate and change

hadean eon

the earliest eon in Earth's history, characterized by the formation of the Earth and the cooling of its surface

archean eon

second eon,prokaryotic life forms and the earths atmosphere develops

proterzoic eon

third eon,eukaryotes form, plants animals and fungi form

phanerozoic eon

latest eon,complex life dominates sea, life expands to land, animals evolve

categories of rock

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

igneous rock

made from lava/magma, glassy smooth surface, ex. granite, pumice, obsidian

sedimentary rock

made from deposition/cementation, sand grains or visible pebbles, fossils visible, ex. sandstone, limestone, and shale

metamorphic rock

made from heat pressure, sparkly crystals, ribbon like layers, ex. marble and slate

how do fossils form

organisms are buried by sediments

layers of earths atomosphere (starting at earth)

Troposphere, Stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

temperature and density related to the center of the earth

as you reach the center of the earth the density and temp. increase

compositional layers of earth

crust, mantle, core

crust

outermost solid layer of earth

mantle

second layer of earth, not a liquid but ductile meaning some parts can flow under certain conditions, made of aluminum and silicates

core

innermost layer of earth, made of nickel and iron

mechanical layers of earth

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

lithosphere

outermost layer, most rigid, includes crust and top of mantle

asthenosphere

region of the mantle that flows easily

mesosphere

lower mantle, flows at a much slower rate

outer core

layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer that is true liquid

atmosphere

layer of gasses surrounding the planet

cryosphere

masses of frozen water

biosphere

global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms

hydrosphere

all the water on earth in liquid form

comet

chunk of ice and rock from outside the solar system

asteroid

chunk of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter

meteorite

a small asteroid

speed of light

300,000 km/sec

light year

unit of distance equal to the distance light travels in 1 year

season

fall, winter, summer, spring, result of earths tilt on an axis

heliocentric

sun in the center of the universe and earth rotates on an axis and revolves around the sun

geocentric

earth at the center and stays still

star

luminous ball of gas held together by its own gravity

light stars emit

hot star emits blue light, colder star emits red light

solar system

plantetary system that orbits the sun

lunar eclipse

moon passes behind the earth into its shadow

solar eclipse

moon moves in front of the sun

comparison of earth and mars

similar size, density, and mass, both rotate and tilt on an axis

earths cycles

day, night, seasons, weather, moon phases, water, and life cycles

earths changes

rapid change: earthquakes and storms

slow change: movement of plates

earths patterns

rotates on an axis every 24 hours and revolves around the sun every 365 days

earths magnetic poles

magnetic field that extend from its interior to outer space, makes compasses usable

Gene

basic physical and functional part of heredity, made of DNA

cell theory

1. all living things are composed of cells

2. cells are the smallest unit of life

3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks membrane bound organelles, examples are archea and bacteria

eukaryote

multicellular organism with membrane bound organelles, DNA is found in the nucleus

animal vs plant cell

animal cells go through cellular respiration while plant cells go though photosynthesis

animal cells have a plasma membrane and plant cells have a cell wall

animal cells do not have chloroplasts while plant cells do

sexual reproduction

involves 2 parents, each parent contributes a gamete, male gives the sperm and female gives ova (egg)

budding

small growth on parent breaks off and continues to grow on its own

fragmentation

piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a new organism

meiosis

division of sex cells

adaptation

distribution of traits in the population that can change with environmental conditions

mutations

changes in the DNA molecule caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors

non-living vs. living

living has biological processes and non-living is inanimate

organization of life

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

cellular respiration

taking food in the form of carbohydrates to make energy

cellular respiration equation

glucose+oxygen—> CO₂ +water +ATP (energy)

photosynthesis

how plants make their food

photosynthesis equation

CO₂ + water + sunlight —> glucose+ oxygen

asexual reproduction

1 parent reproduces, consists of four types

binary fission

single cell doubles DNA and divides

parthenogenesis

embryo develops from an unfertilized egg

mitosis

cell division process

mitosis phases

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenisis

trisomy

extra chromosomes in the cell causing abnormalities

DNA

heredity material in living organisms, coded with 4 nitrogen bases that when in different sequences determine traits

4 nitrogen bases found in DNA

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

amino acids

organic compounds that form proteins

DNA replication

1. DNA unzips

2. free flowing nucleotides bind to unzipped portion

3. two identical DNA portions are the result

genotype

organisms complete set of genetic material

phenotype

organisms observable characteristics of traits

dominance

when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the second

metamorphosis

transformation from an immature form to an adult in two or more stages

complete vs. incomplete metamorphosis

complete is four full stages and incomplete hatches then grows in nymphal stages

evolution

type of change that happens to a population over long periods of time

natural selection

theory developed by charles darwin and alfred russel, traits passed down to offspring that allow them to adapt to the environment better than others of the same species

gregor mendel

father of genetics, invented dominant vs. recessive traits and punnett squares

alleles

forms of the same gene with slight differences in their DNA sequence

cold-blooded

ability to maintain a constant stable internal environment

carrying capacity

maximum population that an environment can support without damage