Name the f/stops we need to know
f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32
Name the shutter speeds we need to know
30, 15, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000
1/70
FIS 335
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Name the f/stops we need to know
f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32
Name the shutter speeds we need to know
30, 15, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000
Name the ISO values we need to know
100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12800, 25600, 51200
Name the flash powers we need to know
1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128
When moving from f/8 —> f/11, what happens?
Less light, narrower aperture, more DOF
When moving from f/11 —> f/8, what happens?
More light, wider aperture, less DOF
What happens when you move from 30 sec —> 1/30 sec?
Faster/shorter shutter speed, less light
What happens when you move from 1/30 sec —> 30 sec?
Slower/longer shutter speed, more light
f/8, 1/30 sec, 200
f/16, 1/8 sec, 400
What is the change between the two photos (stops and amount of light)?
f/8 —> f/16 is -2 stops
1/30 sec —> 1/8 sec is +2 stops
200 —> 400 is +1 stop
-2+2+1 = +1 stops or 2x the amount of light in photo 2
If a histogram is a perfect bell curve what does that mean?
the picture was properly exposed
If a bell curve is more/curved towards the left side more, what does this mean?
The photo is underexposed, has more shadows
If a bell curve is more/curved towards the right side more, what does this mean?
The photo is overexposed, has more highlights
What does “clipped off left or right side” mean?
those parts of the photograph were taken outside of the camera’s dynamic range
Dynamic Range
The minimum and maximum intensities from the darkest it can capture to the brightest it can capture
does NOT capture pure black or white but instead captures a range between them
Can clipped parts of photos be recovered?
Some may be able to be recovered in post-processing but not always
Assume the graph is normal and White at “0”, what would the photograph look like?
The photo would be underexposed and would push left towards the mid tones (18% middle gray)
Assume the graph is normal and Black at “0”, what would the photograph look like?
The photo would be overexposed and would push right towards the mid tones (18% middle gray)
Example: underexposed scene, how would you get it to be properly exposed?
f/stop- lower f/number, increased/wider aperture, less depth of field
shutter speed- slower/longer shutter speed, decrease shutter speed
ISO- increase/higher number
Example: overexposed scene, how would you get it to be properly exposed?
f/stop- narrower aperture, larger f/number, more depth of field
shutter speed- faster/shorter, smaller number
ISO- decrease/smaller number
what are the types of stops we use on our camera?
1/3 stops
— I I I I I I I I 0 I I I I I I +
what stop is this?
If I’m at f/11 how would I need to move this to get to 0?
If I’m at 1/30 sec how would I need to move this to get to 0?
+1 1/3 stops
+ 1 stop would be f/16, need to go higher so go to f/22
+ 1 stop would be 1/60 sec, need to go higher so go to 1/125 sec
How do you find the aperture diameter?
find the aperture diameter using f/11 and 35 mm focal length
A.D. = focal length/ f number
A.D. = 35 mm/ 11 = 3.18 mm
Shutter Priority mode
ex. settings- f/16, 1/60 sec, 400; adjust exposure comp to -2
I control the shutter speed and ISO
camera controls the aperture
the camera changes f/number from f/16 to f/32
Aperture priority mode
ex. settings- f/16, 1/60 sec, 400; adjust exposure comp to -2
I control the aperture and ISO
camera controls the shutter speed
the camera would change shutter speed from 1/60 sec to 1/250 sec
Programmed mode
I control ISO
camera controls shutter speed and aperture
Manual mode
photographer controls everything
Which has more data/info, RAW or JPEG?
RAW has more data/info. Use this setting is you need to post-process something
f/4 represents what?
Think ¼ of a focal length, if you have 100 mm, then it would be 100/4 = 25 mm
Focal length 1: 35 mm
Focal length 2: 50 mm
Which has a higher Angle of view? Field of view?
35 mm has a higher angle and field of view
You are using a 35 mm focal length and a Nikon APS-C crop sensor, your friend is using a full-frame camera at 35 mm. What focal length do you need to use on APS-C to achieve that?
divide 35 mm by 1.5 (Nikon crop factor), 35/1.5 = 23.3 mm
What setting should you use if you want to expose a really small section of a scene like the underneath of a car?
Spot metering
What does matrix metering mode do?
sections, zones, grids, and then it takes each of those and combines them through an algorithm, and comes up with what it believes to be the best exposure for the scene
f/5.6, ¼ sec, 200
If ISO is changed by -1 stop, what would the new variable be and what would f/stop or shutter speed have to do to keep proper exposure?
New ISO- 100
Shutter speed or aperture would have to increase by one-stop
SNR
which do we prefer, a higher or lower SNR?
give an example
Signal to Noise ratio
we prefer a higher signal so that there is less noise
ISO 400 to 800= less light, lower SNR, more noise controlling images (bad)
ISO 800 to 400= more light, higher SNR, less noise controlling images (good)
What ISO setting is SNR the highest?
ISO 100
What tones does Incandescent add to a scene?
adds cool tones to a warm scene
140 mm, 35 mm, and 18 mm
which is a wide-angle lens, normal, and long?
18 mm is a wide-angle lens
35 mm is a normal lens
140 mm is a long lens
What are 2 distortions of a long lens?
compression- makes objects appear closer together than they actually are
pincushion- the center pinches inwards
what are 2 distortions of a wide-angle lens?
elongation- things appear farther apart than they actually are
barrel- the center bulges out
Does f/5.6 have more or less DOF than f/16?
why?
less DOF
because the diameter of cone of light is wider than the diameter of the cone of light of f/16
True or False:
As long as light converges/doesn’t converge at a distance equal to or smaller then the sensor of the Circle of Confusion, it’ll be in focus.
True
True or False:
By raising the f/number (narrower aperture) the range represented by the CoC gets pushed further out from the sensor, increasing the DOF and what’s in focus to our eyes?
True
Neutral Density Filter
Filter that blocks out a specific/certain number of stops
Polarizer filter
eliminates reflections of glares, or at least reduces them. Can also increase color saturation
Slower vs Faster shutter speeds
Slower- shutter curtains are farther apart from each other (don’t close at the same time)
Faster- shutter curtains are closer together, eventually will close so quickly after each other it’ll seem like they close at the same time
What shutter speed (fast or slow) do you use to freeze motion blur?
Faster shutter speed like 1/100 s
What are the 3 Cardinal Rules of photography?
Fill the Frame
Maximize DOF
Keep the Digital sensor parallel
What is flash sync speed?
the fastest shutter speed between the camera and the flash that can be handled. Allows the shutter to be open completely when the flash fires
Macro lens vs Zoom lens
Zoom- the front element is curved. Zoom projects images curved along the digital sensor. DOF is really important with these lenses
Macro- the front element is flat. Closer minimum focusing distance than Zoom. Projects images flat along the digital sensor.
What does “closer minimum focusing distance” mean?
The distance in which we are not able to achieve focus once we go past that distance
What is focal length?
the distance (in mm) between the sensor and the optical center of lens when the camera is focused at infinity
What accomplishes infinity optically speaking?
All the light rays running parallel from a particular point source are converging onto the center
What is the max power/output from Flash?
1/1
3 main factors that control DOF
f/stop (larger f/number = more DOF)
subject to camera distance (closer = less DOF)
focal length (50 mm has more DOF than 24 mm)
How does light behave when you’re looking through the viewfinder?
Remember- light does NOT get recorded onto the sensor until you press the shutter release button.
Before you press that button light is still coming through the lens through aperture coming back and reflecting off of a mirror. Some of that light goes through the mirror onto a secondary mirror and is reflected down into the autofocusing system. Most of that light forms the image you see through the viewfinder but it does that by having to go through a focusing screen, condensing lens, and a pentaprism first, then reaches the viewfinder.
what does the mirror do whenever we take a photo?
flips up out of the way and the shutter opens
What does light go through before it reaches the sensor?
The Bayer filter- a combination of how many green: reds: blues
2:1:1
What ratio does a true macro lens achieve?
1:1 - life size on the sensor
What does a 1:10 magnification ratio mean?
10x larger in real life than it is projected on the screen
What can you use for shadow control?
bounce cards
reflectors
block the light by placing subject in full shadow
internal flash
Bracketing
taking a series of photos using different exposures and the goal to accomplish the best exposure for the particular photo
example: -1,0,+1
Higher EV (exposure variable) means the scene has ______ light?
more
+3 vs +5, +5 has more light
General rule for handholding a camera
use the reciprocal of the focal length
70 mm focal length= 1/125 shutter speed (1/60mis below 70 so have to go to the next closest one)
What is it called when the light is being shone directly up through the subject? What is it effective with?
transmitted
effective with- transparent or translucent subjects/evidence such as fingerprints on glass or watermarks on a paper
What is it called when the light is being shone directly across from the subject? (*←— )(less than 45 degrees) What is it effective with?
oblique
effective with- impression evidence such as tool marks, fingerprints, footwear, and indented writing
What is it called when the light is being shown at a 45-degree angle to the subject? What is this effective with?
Direct
effective with- general evidence where size and shape are important
What is it called when a set-up uses a light that’s being bounced off a surface (generally white/neutral?) What is this effective with?
Bounce lighting
effective with- subjects that are concave or convex or other general photography when shadows are an issue
What uses an item placed between the light source and the subject/evidence to soften the light and produce even illumination? What is it effective with?
Diffused lighting
Effective with- shiny or reflective subjects
What uses a light source at 90 degrees from the axis of the lens with the subject located directly under the lens? A piece of glass is then positioned at a 45-degree angle in the axis of the lens. What is this effective with?
Axial lighting
effective with- subjects/evidence located on mirrors or inside hollow cavities/curved items like a cup
What is it called when light is reflected directly off of the subject? (2 different 10-degree angles are formed, reflecting light at a 20-degree angle) What is it effective for?
Direct reflective lighting
Effective with- minimizing shadows formed within the subject/evidence and flat surfaces such as latent prints
What is it called when the subject is surrounded by a cone-shaped tint using white paper or some other translucent material? The light source would be directed at the tint from one or both sides. What is this effective with?
Tint lighting
effective with- shiny and reflective surfaces