4.4 - Atomic structure flashcards

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Last updated 7:04 PM on 8/24/26
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45 Terms

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Q: What is the radius of an atom?
A: About 0.1 nanometres.
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Q: What does the nucleus contain?
A: Protons and neutrons.
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Q: What is the radius of the nucleus?
A: Around 1 × 10^-14 m.
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Q: Why is the nucleus positively charged?
A: Because it contains protons.
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Q: Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?
A: In the nucleus.
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Q: What charge do electrons have?
A: Negative.
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Q: Where are electrons found?
A: Orbiting the nucleus in electron shells.
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Q: Why are atoms neutral?
A: Same number of protons and electrons.
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Q: What happens when electrons absorb EM radiation?
A: Move to higher energy level.
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Q: What happens when electrons emit EM radiation?
A: Move to lower energy level.
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Q: What is mass number?
A: Number of protons + neutrons.
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Q: What is atomic number?
A: Number of protons.
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Q: What are isotopes?
A: Same protons, different neutrons.
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Q: Why are some isotopes unstable?
A: They decay to become more stable.
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Q: What did John Dalton think atoms were?
A: Solid spheres.
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Q: What did JJ Thomson discover?
A: Electrons.
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Q: What did Rutherford discover?
A: Small positive nucleus.
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Q: What did Bohr propose?
A: Electrons in fixed shells.
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Q: Who discovered the neutron?
A: Chadwick.
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Q: What is radioactive decay?
A: Random release of radiation.
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Q: What is activity measured in?
A: Becquerels.
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Q: What is ionising radiation?
A: Knocks electrons off atoms.
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Q: What are alpha particles?
A: 2 protons + 2 neutrons.
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Q: How ionising are alpha particles?
A: Strongly ionising.
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Q: What blocks alpha particles?
A: Paper.
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Q: What are beta particles?
A: High-speed electrons.
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Q: What happens in beta decay?
A: Neutron → proton.
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Q: What blocks beta?
A: Aluminium.
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Q: What are gamma rays?
A: EM radiation from nucleus.
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Q: What changes in gamma decay?
A: No change to mass or charge.
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Q: What is half-life?
A: Time for activity to halve.
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Q: What is contamination?
A: Radioactive particles on/in objects.
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Q: What is irradiation?
A: Exposure to radiation.
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Q: Most dangerous inside body?
A: Alpha.
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Most dangerous outside body?
A: Beta and gamma.
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Q: Sources of background radiation?
A: Rocks, cosmic rays, food, medical uses, nuclear fallout.
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Q: Unit for radiation dose?
A: Sieverts.
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Q: Why use gamma tracers?
A: Penetrate body, short half-life.
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Q: What is radiotherapy?
A: High radiation doses to kill cancer.
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Q: What is nuclear fission?
A: Splitting large nucleus.
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Q: What is released in fission?
A: Neutrons, energy, gamma rays.
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Q: Purpose of control rods?
A: Absorb neutrons.
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Q: What is fusion?
A: Joining light nuclei.
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Q: Why does fusion release energy?
A: Mass converted to energy.
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Q: Why can't we use fusion yet?
A: Needs extreme temperature and pressure.