HASS

Constructive waves

• low energy

• higher swash then back swash

• forms beaches

Destructive waves

• high energy

• higher back swash then swash

• erodes beaches

Abrasion

• sediments grind against coastal structures

• SANDPAPER

Attrition

• sediment knock into each other

• in wave cycle

• smoothing surface

hydraulic action

• waves compress air into cracks of rock face

• increases pressure

• rock will crack apart

solution

• chemicals in the seawater dissolve sediment

• into small microscopic fragments

define climate change

• long term shifts in weather patterns or temperature that can be caused naturally (sun) or unnaturally (carbon emissions)

causes of climate change

• green house gases

• product production

• deforestation

• transportation

• burning materials

effects of climate change

• temperature of earth increases

• droughts

• sea level rise

• species extinction

define urban sprawl

• the unregulated expansion of an urban area into neighbouring rural or underdeveloped areas

• increasing density of urban area

urban sprawl causes

• population growth

• job opportunities and housing

• transportation

effects of urban sprawl

• fragmentation of ecosystems

• more green house gas emissions

• higher climate change

• income in urban area will need to be increased affecting the rural income

define human wellbeing

• the overall quality of life for individuals or groups of individuals

define GNH

• gross national happiness

• total happiness of all citizens in a nation not relying on economic growth

define GDP

• gross national product

• total monetary value of all goods and services produced by a nation within a year

why is GDP sometimes a bad indicator of wellbeing

• doesn’t factor in domestic work

• doesn’t factor in the distribution of goods and services across the country

• shows economical value not individual value

define HDI

• human development index

• summary of a nations achievements in 3 factors

• standard of living (measured by GNI)

• knowledge (expected years of primary education)

• health (life expectancy)

literacy rates

• the percentage of people in a country who know how to read and write

define longshore drift

• the movement of materials along a shoreline

• caused by the angle of the swash and the 90 degree angle of back swash

define liberal democracy

• democratic system where individuals rights, freedoms and responsibilities are stated and protected

• political power is limited by the rule of law

authoritarian

• blind obedience to the state or an authority figure

• e.g Iran

Anarchist

• the absence of goverment authority

• e.g no current country

absolute monarchy

• a monarch wields absolute power over the state and its people

• e.g brunei

democracy

• people elect representatives and laws are made by the people for the people

• e.g canada

communist

• the state controls the economy by a single party holding all the power

• everything you own belongs to the state but they allow you to run it

• to have a class less society

constitutional monarchy

• monarch as head of state but government is based on a constitution

theocracy

• priests rule in the name of god or a god

• e.g Vatican City

socialism

• collective, common or public ownership of the means of production

• e.g Laos

republic

• supreme power held by the people

• elected representatives instead of a monarch

• e.g USA

dictatorship

• a ruler or small group of people who hold complete power over the state

• not restricted by law

• e.g North Korea

Oligarchy

• power rests with a small group of people based on things like wealth, military or religion

Dates of Brittany Higgins case

• 15 February 2021- she spoke up

• 23 march 2019- alleged assault

• 10 April 2024 - sued Lisa Wilkinson for defamation

elections safeguard

• to be free and fair

• independent Boyd to count votes

• every vote is worth the same

freedom of assembly and political participation safeguard

• right to protest and run for political office

freedom of speech, expression, and religious belief safeguard

• being politically informed

• not stated in constitution

rule of law safeguard

• people including the government are to obey the law and be guided by it

right to dissent safeguard

• can publicly disagree with political decisions

active citizenship safeguard

• allowing to have your voice heard about anything that is lawful

hansard safeguard

• a record of everything that happens in parliament

the media safeguard

• keeps the general public informed

• allowed to sit in any parliament discussion

process to resolve differences safeguard

• between people or legally

• no argument cannot be resolved

voter apathy threats

• lack of caring when voting

• the right people will not get elected

media bias threats

• organisations have the ability to influence a wide range of people

political donations threat

• richer individuals will donate to parties to give them more of an advantage

why countries don’t uphold human rights

• its not legally binding

• lack of enforcement mechanisms

• corruption, conflict and poverty

• religions and traditions go against some rights

Sweden human rights

• democracy 9free and fair elections)

• priorities human rights in constitution

• social contract ensures equal opportunities

• government promotes human rights domestically and internationally

• major rules over abuse of power

North Korea human rights

• government restricts citizens to their rights

• no independent media or platforms

• no political opposition allowed

• government controls everything

• money is put into military causing food shortages

why is HDI good

• shows more then just economical wellbeing

• can show a government goals they need to work to in order to improve their well-being

• doesn’t involve monetary worth of a country

why is HDI bad

• doesn't show smaller inequalities only a national average

• shows quantity over quality (years of schooling instead of quality of teaching)

• doesn’t account for things like human rights

define coastal erosion

• a process in which coastlines are eroded away by natural processes such as weather, waves or wind.

How does coastal erosion and climate change link

• sea level rise due to temperature rise

• weather due to increased temperature stripping natural coastal structures

4 things that underpin liberal democracy

• rule of law

• free and fair elections

• protection of individual rights and freedoms

• separation of powers

explain NZYQ

• man from Myanmar officially recognised by Australia as a refugee

• sent to prison due to child sex crimes

• once sentence was over the state kept him in immigration detention

• couldn’t be sent to another country because he was stateless

• kept locked up as country couldn’t deport him

Why was the NZYQ bad

• only judges can decide to punish someone with jail

• if someone cannot be deported, keeping them in detention becomes punishment

• 149 people in similar situations were released

• government changed laws to lock people up again if it threatens society

• people who do not have visa’s still deserve human rights

• the executive government was using judiciary powers

Case- criminal

• Bruce Lehremann was charged with sexual assault and brought to supreme court

• case was thrown as a juror how brought in outside research which violated court rules

• prosecution dropped the charges

case- civil case

• Bruce Lehremann sued Lisa Wilkinson for defamation on channel 10 for $2.4 million

• case was dropped as it was likely the rape occurred on the balance of probabilities

• likely there was a political cover up

was justice served in the case

• justice was not served

• cases were dropped and left both parties without legal closure

• Higgins felt re-traumatised by the media and unsupported

• the jury breach brought up the fragility of sexual assault cases and made people wonder if the court handles them well.

What is the UDHR

• a document that outlines the rights that all people should have

• adopted by the UN on the 10th December 1948.

• came about due to tragedies in WW2

• contains 30 articles

• not a law but influenced by the legal system

purpose of the UDHR

• dignity and equality for everyone and not biased

• sets out human standards of human rights

• prevents extremely violent acts

• guides governments to make laws

interpretation of the UDHR

• different due to culture, politics or social concepts

• article 25 standard of living

• cannot be shown in poorer countries as they don’t have funds to pay for free healthcare and housing

• some articles go against a persons religion

One example of how the UDHR has not been upheld in recent years

• refugee and asylum seeker treatment

• some countries make it hard for refugees to flee

• they lack healthcare, and education when trapped at borders

• people have the right to seek protection, borders stop them from this

• article 14 says that people have the right to seek asylum