Melissas bio study 2❤️🧫👩‍🔬🧬

Anatomy

study of the structure of an organism.

Physiology

study of the functions an organismis parts perform.

Variable

Dependent+ Independent variables.

Experimental Group

the group manipulated during the expieriment.

Control

the group left unmanipulated (benchmark group. )

Homeostasis

maintaining the stable narrow range of the internal environment.

Feedback mechanism

Homeostatic mechanisms that maintain internal constancy.

negative feedback

-last step stops or slows the first step of a series.

positive Feedback

-last step increases an earlier step of a series.

Basic Unit of living things

Cell

similar cells that perform a specific function

Tissue

structures that perform complex functions + include two or more interacting tissue types.

Organ

two or more interacting organs that function in a coordinated manner

system

A living being that depends on the coordination of all structural levels for homeostasis and survival

Organism

Define Anatomy and Physiology, and explain how they are related.

1. Atatomy is the study of the structure, while physiology is the study of the funchons an organism's parts perform, structure determines function.

What is a feedback mechanism?

A homeostatic mechonism that maintains internal consitancy

why are feedback mechanisms important

It is the last step that affects the earlier steps in a series

What are the levels of organization in the body 

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

Name the systems of the human body

Integumentary - Protection, Skin

Skeletal - Protection, support, movement, blood production - Bones, cartilage

Muscular - Movement - Muscles

What does the digestive system do?

Ingestion of food, breaks down food, provides nutriants

Parts of the digestive system 

Mouth, Esophogas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver

What does the circulatory system do?

Transports substances through body, and regulates heat.

What are the parts of the circulatory system

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

What does the excretory system do?

Removal of metabolic wastes, and maintains H2O. 

What are the parts of the excretory system?

Kidney, Bladder, Urethra

What does the immune system do

Defends against foreign pathogens.

What are parts of the immune system?

White blood cells, Lymph nodes 

What does the nervous system do?

Coordinates body activities, maintains homeostasis

What are parts of the nervous system?

Brain, Spinal cord, nerves

What does the endocrine system do ?

Regulates hormones that control the body 

What are parts of the endocrine system?

Adrenal gland, pancreas, pituitary gland

What does the reproductive system do?

Creates new individuals

What are parts of the reproductive system ?

Ovary, Uterus, Testes 

What system is not required for life?

Reproductive system

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate molecule made of smaller sugar units

Disaccharide 

a sugar formed when 2 micro saccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond

Monosccharide

Sugars that are the basic unit for carbohydrates, gives immediate energy for organisms

Polypeptide

Chain of peptide bonds made of amino acids

Dipeptide 

Organic compound created when 2 amino acids are joined by a single bond

Amino acid

Monomers of proteins

Lipid

Blood test that measures levels of fats

Fatty acids 

glycerol building blocks of fats, a large type of lipids 

Ingestion

Taking substances into the body through swallowing or absorbing

Digestion

Breaking food down into smaller molecules to gain energy

Absorbtion 

The process where a substance is absorbed into another

Elimination

The removal of waste products and other substances from the body

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Chemical digestion

the process of breaking down of food molecules into smaller molecules using things like saliva and stomach acids

Alimentary canal 

Tube that extends from the mouth to the anus 

Glands

Organs or tissue that produce and release substances

Peristalsis

Involuntary wave like muscle contractions that propel food and waste through the digestive track

Gastric 

Acid fluid that contains hydrochloric acids and digestive enzymes 

Mucus

Thin clear liquid made of water, salts, proteins, and glyco proteins

Vili

Finger like projections that line the small intestine

Sphincter 

Circular muscle that surrounds bodily opening to open and close it 

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme produced in slavery glands

Pepsin

Enzyme In the stomach that breaks down proteins

Peptidase 

Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bonds, making smaller amino acids

Lipase

enzyme produced by pancreas, liver, and other tissue that breaks down fat

Bile

Fluid produced by the liver, role in digestion and absorbed fats

Mouth 

The start of digestive and respiratory systems 

Teeth

Start of digestive system

Pharynx

Funnel shaped tube in the neck part of respiratory and digestive systems

Epiglottis 

Cartilage flap above wind pipe that protects airways from food and drink 

Esophagus

Tube that goes from throat to stomach

Stomach

Stores food and empties into small intestine

Small Intestine 

Where digestion and nut