AP Bio Unit 2

Extra Info - AP Classroom & Jeapordy

Metabolism: what leaves?

Cellular waste and thermal energy.

Metabolism: what enters?

Nutrients and macromolecules.

Diffusion. Define this.

High to low concentration.

Osmosis. Define this.

Low concentration of water to high concentration of water.

Passive Transport. Define this (and what does it go in in terms of concentration gradients).

Movement of concentration of molecules from high —> low, so down (with) a concentration gradient.

Active Transport. Define this (and what does it go in in terms of concentration gradients).

Movement of concentration of molecules from low —> high, so up (against) a concentration gradient.

Facilitated Diffusion. Define this (what type of transport)?

Membrane proteins transporting ions and molecules from high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport.

Simple Diffusion. Define this (what type of transport)?

Molecules/ions going through a membrane without any help. From high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport.

Which two ways can water enter/leave the cell?

Aquaporins and simple diffusion.

What produces proteins and/or energy that regulate and manage metabolic reactions?

Rough ER and Mitochondria.

What is another word for the cytosol?

The cytoplasm.

What forms up the phospholipid bilayer (hint: head & tail).

The heads of the phospholipids with the aqueous environment outside & inside and the tails of the phospholipids with themselves.

What's the difference between the cytoskeleton and the cell wall?

Cell wall is unique to plants/bacteria/fungi, whereas cytoskeleton is in every cell.

What are endocytosis and exocytosis classified as?

Forms of active transport.

What type of transport goes against a concentration gradient (low --> high)?

Active transport.

Embedded proteins do what to the movement of substances throughout a membrane?

Speed it up!

How do steroids (like cholesterol & testosterone) enter cells (hint: involves a type of diffusion)?

Simple diffusion.

What is some evidence that states that chloroplasts and mitochondrion evolved from prokaryotes?

They have circular DNA (1), they share DNA (2), and they have double membranes (3).

How many events make up the endosymbiotic theory and why?

2 events due to a three membranes, so an extra event per extra membrane.

When asked about passive/active transport or ion concentrations, what should you always look at?

Concentration gradients/changes (high --> low, low --> high).

Integral protein is mostly in what?

The inside of the membrane.

What two parts are the integral protein composed of (and where in relation to the membrane)?

Nonpolar side groups (inside) and polar side groups (outside).

Peripheral protein is mostly in what?

Outside of the membrane.

What singular part the peripheral protein composed of (and where in relation to the membrane)?

Polar side groups (outside).

As the water potential decreases, what happens to solute potential?

It increases.

The more you add water, what happens to the water potential?

It decreases (it becomes more concentrated with water).

The more you add solute, what happens to the solute potential?

It decreases (it becomes more concentrated with solute).

Describe the importance of the inner membranes separating different regions of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast.

It permits different reactions to occur in different regions of the organelles.

Describe how the structure of these organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast) controls movement across the membranes.

The selective permeability of the membranes of these organelles allow only certain things to get in and not others.

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

Nucleoids.

What do peroxisomes do to reactions that produce H2O2?

They catalyze them.

Ribosome translates what?

Messages found in mRNA into polypeptides.

What two things can mitochondria and chloroplast do that proves the endosymbiotic theory?

Transcribe and translate.

Lower SA:V ratio means that the cell is best at doing what?

Storing materials.

Higher SA:V ratio means that the cell is best at doing what?

Exchanging materials.

What does osmolarity refer to?

Solute.

If water has a net movement into the cell via diffusion through aquaporins, what’s the transport type and osmolarity transfer?

Passive transport, low osmolarity to high osmolarity.

What does the fluid refer to in the fluid mosaic model and why?

The non-stiffness of the membrane (it's held together by hydrophobic interactions which are weaker than covalent bonds).

What does the mosaic refer to in the fluid mosaic model?

Multiple different types of molecules in the membrane.

What synthesizes cytosolic proteins?

Ribosomes.

What does cellular respiration produce and where does it take place?

It produces ATP energy and takes place in the mitochondria.

An organelle that creates glucose and evolves from prokaryotes (photoautotroph). What is this?

Chloroplast.

A multi-folded structure attached to the nucleus. What is this known as?

The ER.

This part of the ER is dotted. What is it?

Rough ER.

This part of ER has no dots. What is it?

Smooth ER.

Lone dots. What is this?

Vesicles.

Dots close together. What is this?

Lysosomes.

The fluid within a cell that’s responsible for actually allowing material exchanges. What’s this?

The cytoplasm.

A multi-folded structure not attached to the nucleus. What is this known as?

Golgi Apparatus.

What kind of transport are membrane proteins (channel, carrier, etc.)?

Passive transport.

Just to be 100% sure, you should always examine what to confirm the type of transport?

The concentration gradient.

In an isotonic solution, is there any ATP usage?

Nope.

To conduct a study, how many variables should be changed if there are two independents?

Just one.

Should these variable changes span across multiple data points or just one?

Multiple.

Describe how the phospholipids of a plasma membrane regulate the movement of large or polar molecules across the membrane.

The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid fatty acids block the movement of large and polar molecules, which require protein channels to cross the membrane.

Concerning DNA similarities, what can be used as proof of the endosymbiotic theory?

The mitochondria and the chloroplast contain DNA more similar to the prokaryote than the eukaryote.

Concerning reactions, what can be used as proof of the endosymbiotic theory (between the mitochondria and prokaryotes)?

Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP.

Describe the biological need for cells to be surrounded by a membrane that is selectively permeable for different materials.

Cells need certain quantities of certain items (like macromolecules and water). Without this membrane, they may either get too much of what they need or excess of what they don't need.

Predict the likely effect on the ability of a substance to enter cells if the substance is attached to a large protein instead of free in the culture.

It'll become impossible to enter the cell without assistance from a membrane protein.

What contains genetic info and allows cells to obtain advantages?

Plasmids.

What is responsible for replication (division of cells) and movement?

Cilia.

What's inside the nucleus and is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes?

The nucleolus.

Describe the whole step-by-step process of creating and exporting a protein.

1. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the rough ER, where proteins are made (using ribosomes).

2. Moves to golgi for modification, sorting.

3. Put into transport vesicles.

4. Taken to membrane for excretion by exocytosis.

What’s a type of vesicle?

Lysosomes.

In order to break down (or digest) something, what must lysosomes first do?

They must first fuse with the cell membrane.

What are cell membranes made of?

Phospholipids and proteins.

Where are Ribosomes found in (as in where do they actually appear and are ready to start doing stuff)?

The Rough ER or the cytoplasm (free flowing).

A cologne travels throughout a room. What is this?

Simple diffusion.

What four things do all organisms have?

DNA, Ribosome, Membrane, and Cytoplasm.

What type of passive transport uses transport proteins?

Facilitated Diffusion.

A plant cell placed in a hypertonic environment will have what happen to its cells?

The cells will expand and/or burst.

When plant/fungi/bacterial cells contain water that pushes against the cell wall from the inside, what is this known as?

Turgor pressure.

So, is turgor pressure a hypotonic or a hypertonic trait (and is it pushing on the inside to enter the outside or vice versa of the cell)?

It's hypertonic, meaning its pushing inside to enter outside the cell.

If water enters the cell from the outside —> inside, is there still turgor pressure?

Yes!

Why was the penny with soap not able to hold as many water drops?

Soap has some polar parts, which interfered with the hydrogen bonds, thus breaking cohesion and surface tension.

Explain how cholesterol helps to regulate membrane structure.

When in hot temps, the cholesterol provides the membrane structure. When in cold temps, cholesterol gives molecules in membrane space to move around (increase fluidity).

What type of environment do plants prefer and why?

A hypotonic environment because they can store more water.

If in a hypertonic environment, what’s a potential risk to the plant and its cells?

The cells might burst trying to have water escape the plant.

What else proves the endosymbiotic theory (hint: involves reproduction)?

The mitochondria and chloroplast cannot be made by the cell, so they asexually reproduce.

Why can testosterone and cholesterol (steroids) go through a cell?

They are nonpolar molecules and can diffuse through a membrane.

Section 1 - AP Videos

What two things do all living cells contain that reflect the common ancestry of life?

Genomes and ribosomes.

What creates the instructions of the mRNA?

The genome.

What synthesizes proteins according to those instructions?

The ribosome.

What are ribosomes composed of (and what are they not enclosed in)?

Proteins and rRNA. They're not enclosed in membranes.

What's known as a network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells?

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

How many forms of ER are there (name them)?

2, rough and smooth.

Which ER has cells attached to its membrane?

Rough ER.

Which ER does not have cells attached to its membrane?

Smooth ER.

Which ER compartmentalizes the cell?

Rough ER.

Which ER packages newly synthesized proteins to be exported from the cell?

Rough ER.

Which ER is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification?

Smooth ER.

What do structural differences between them lead to?

Functional differences.

What are series of flattened membrane bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells known as (hint: they are heavily folded and deal with proteins)?

Golgi Apparatus.

What are they responsible for?

Packaging proteins.

What does the mitochondria have that makes it unique (hint: involves membranes)?

Double membrane.

What are the names of those membranes?

Outer membrane and inner membrane.

Describe the texture of the outer membrane.

Smooth.

Describe the texture of the inner membrane (and what does it form)?

Convoluted, forming folds called cristae.