College Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 1-3 (Anatomy, Chemistry, Cells) Test Prep

anatomy

The study of body structure

physiology

The study of body function

levels of organization

chemistry, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

ultrasound

sound waves to view images of organs to determine masses, fetuses, blood clots, or blood vessels

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

use of magnetic and radio waves to view organs and tissues

CT scan (computed tomography)

use of computers rotating to view organs and tissues, more detailed x ray

characteristics of life

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Life depends on 5 environmental factors

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

water

most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolism, required for transfer of fat, regulate body temp

food

provide necessary nutrients, supply energy, supply raw material

oxygen

one fifth air, release energy from nutrients

heat

form of energy, partially controls rate of metabolism

pressure

force on an object, atmospheric pressure (breathing), hydro pressure (blood flow)

homeostasis

maintain a stable internal environment due to external changes

what three factors would you need for homeostasis?

receptor, control center, effector

receptor

identify stimuli and identifies conflict

control center

determines set point and analyzes info

effector

response to change of conditions

negative feedback

corrects set point

positive feedback

increases stimulus

when is positive feedback good?

pregnancy or blood clotting

viseral layer

covers the outside of the organs in that cavity

pariental layer

lines cavity, surrounds

serious fluid

between parietal and visceral for lubrication

thoracic membranes

visceral pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

integumentary system

to protect, reg body temp, absorption and excretion

skeletal system

support body, protects organs (ribs), and stores calcium and produce osteocytes

muscular system

movement, contains posture, produce most of body's heat

nervous system

sensation and motor function, thought, memory, and emotion

endocrine system

controls other major control system to communicate to other hormones

cardiovascular system

transport materials through out body (nutrients, waste (CO2), hormones, cells), and moves heat around body through blood

digestive system

break down food, absorb materials, eliminate waste

respritory system

exchange of gas between air and blood, regulates pH

lymphatic system

fights off disease

urinary system

eliminate waste, balance water, reg pH

reproductive system (male)

production of hormones and production and transportation of reproductive cells

reproductive system (female)

production of milk, hormones, reproductive cells, provide space for fetal development

what hormones do females produce?

estrogen and progesterone

ligament

bone to bone

tendon

muscle to bone

sensation and motor function

movement

mens reproductive cells

sperm

diaphram

compresses on lungs to assist breathing (nerve)

thoracic membrane

heart and lungs

anatomical position

standing erect, face forward, limbs at sides, palms forward, thumbs up

supine

lay on back

prone

lay on belly

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

medial

toward the midline

lateral

to the sides

superficial

near the surface

deep

more internal

proximimal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

planes

sagittal, frontal, transverse

sagittal

divides body into left and right

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior parts (horizontal)

frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

oblique

45 degree angle

RUQ

liver, gallbladder, right kidney, intestines, right uterus

LUQ

liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines, left kidney, left uterus

RLQ

intestines, appendix, urinary bladder

LLQ

intestines, urinary bladder

1st region

right hypochondriac region

2nd region

epigastric region

3rd region

left hypochondriac region

4th region

right lumbar

5th region

umbilical

6th region

left lumbar

7th region

right lilac

8th region

hypogastric

9th region

left lilac

how many organs are in RUQ

5 organs

how many organs are in LUQ

7 organs

how many organs are in RLQ

3 organs

how many organs are in LLQ

2 organs

bilateral

paired structures, both sides of the boy. (Lungs, legs, arms)

lpsitlateral

same side

contralateral

opposite sides

why study chemistry in anatomy?

body function depends on cellular functions

cellular functions

result from chemical changes

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

element

one type of atom; simplest form of a substance

atom

smallest particle of an element

atomic Structure

protons, neutrons, electrons

protons and neutrons are found in

the nucleus

atomic number

protons

atomic weight (mass)

protons + neutrons

isotopes

atoms of the same element but different number of neutrons

molecules

two or more atoms combine

compound

two or more different elements combine

first shell

hold up to 2 electrons

second shell

hold up to 8 electrons

third shell

hold up to 8 electrons

ions

gain or lose electrons

cation

positive charged ion