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What is Earth science?
Study of Earth and space
What is density
Mass ÷ volume
What happens to density if mass increases but volume stays the same?
Density increases
Which is more dense: a rock or water?
Rock
Why do some objects float?
They are less dense than water
How many main atmosphere layers are there?
5
Which layer do we live in?
Troposphere
Which layer has the ozone layer?
Stratosphere
In which layers does temperature increase with height?
Stratosphere & Thermosphere
Why does temperature change by layer?
Different energy absorption
What is weather?
Short-term atmospheric conditions
What tool measures temperature?
Thermometer
What causes wind?
Differences in air pressure
Warm air rises or sinks?
Rises
What causes clouds?
Condensation
What is climate
Long-term weather patterns
Climate is measured over how many years?
30 years
What gas causes global warming most?
Carbon dioxide
What causes climate change?
Increased greenhouse gases
Fossil fuels increase what gas?
CO₂
Why is Earth unevenly heated?
Sun hits Earth at different angles
Where is sunlight most direct?
equator
What climate zone is near the equator?
Tropical
What climate zone is near the poles?
Polar
Uneven heating causes what?
Climate zones
What is a renewable resource?
Can be replaced naturally
Example of renewable energy?
Solar
What is a nonrenewable resource?
Cannot be replaced quickly
Example of nonrenewable energy?
Coal
Fossil fuels are renewable or nonrenewable?
Nonrenewable
What are the 3 layers of Earth?
Crust, Mantle, Core
Which layer is hottest?
Core
What causes volcanoes?
Magma reaching surface
What causes earthquakes?
Plate movement
What is magma called above ground?
Lava
What is the rigid outer layer called?
Lithosphere
What instrument measures earthquakes?
Seismograph
Earthquakes release what energy?
Seismic waves
Volcanoes often form at what boundaries?
Plate boundaries
Mantle material flows by what process?
Convection
Where is ocean crust youngest?
At mid-ocean ridges
Where is ocean crust oldest?
Far from ridge
New crust forms from what?
Magma
Ocean crust is made mostly of what rock?
Basalt
New crust forms at which boundary?
Divergent
What are tectonic plates?
Pieces of Earth’s lithosphere
How many major plates are there?
About 7
Plates move due to what?
Mantle convection
Plates move how fast?
Very slowly
Plate movement causes what events?
Earthquakes & volcanoes
What are seismic waves?
Energy from earthquakes
Which wave is fastest?
P-wave
Which wave causes most damage?
S-wave
Which waves move through solids only?
S-wave
Surface waves travel where?
Earth’s surface
What is the Big Bang Theory?
Universe began expanding
What evidence shows galaxies moving apart?
Red shift
What background radiation supports Big Bang?
Cosmic microwave radiation (CMR)
What element supports Big Bang?
Hydrogen
Universe is expanding or shrinking?
Expanding
What is a star made of?
Hot gases
What powers stars?
l
Nuclear fusion
Our star is called?
The Sun
Bigger stars burn fuel faster or slower?
Faster
Star color depends on what?
temperature
What is an atom?
Smallest unit of matter
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Periodic table is arranged by what?
Atomic number
Elements in same column share what?
Properties
What is the nucleus?
Center of atom
Nuclear reactions involve what?
Nucleus changes
Fusion or fission powers the Sun?
Fusion
Nuclear reactions release what?
Energy
What happens in fission?
Nucleus splits
What is a chemical bond?
Atoms joining
Ionic bond involves what?
Electron transfer
Covalent bond involves what?
Electron sharing
Water is which type of bond?
Covalent
Chemical formula shows what?
Elements & amounts
What is a chemical reaction?
Substances change
Reactants are on which side?
left
Products are on which side?
right
Signs of reaction include what?
Color change, gas, heat
Mass is conserved means what?
Mass stays same
What is an isotope?
Same element, different neutrons
Isotopes change what number?
Mass number
Do isotopes have same protons?
Yes
Carbon-14 is used for what?
Dating fossils
Isotope chemistry stays same or different?
same