Phys 1

403

The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called ________ and it occurs primarily through _________.

Homeostasis: negative feedback

A liver cell has an intracellular concentration of 300 mOM of nonpenetrating solute. Which of the following best describes a solution containing 100 mM NaCl and 50 mM of urea relative to the liver cell?

hypo osmotic, hypotonic

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ____ released from ____.

tropic hormones : hypothalamus

Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood _____ and bind to receptors located ____.

bound to escort proteins: inside the target cell

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is an example of what type of chemical messenger?

neurohormone

Substances that do not readily dissolve in water and readily dissolve in lipids are

hydrophobic and lipophilic.

Which of the following IV solutions is isosmotic when administered and hypotonic to the cells?

5% Dextrose-water (D5W)

The rate of diffusion is faster?

along higher concentration gradients

A hormone is ____ when a second hormone is required for the first hormone to have any activity.

permissive

What transport process couples the movement of glucose against its concentration gradient to Na+ that is moving down its electrochemical gradient that was established using cellular energy (ATP)?

secondary active transport

What junctions are found in epithelial tissue where they prevent paracellular movement of molecules?

tight junctions

This type of epithelia actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli.

transport

Which of the following compartments contain most of the water found in the human body?

intracellular fluid

Phospholipase C produces which of the following second messenger molecule

ІР3

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the

sensor and integrating center.

Which of the following proteins is directly activated by a G protein?

adenylate cyclase

Monocytes release the cytokine interleukin-1, which when released, binds to receptors on other cells. Interleukin-1 would be an example of what type of chemical messenger?

paracrine

Hyposmotic solutions

have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions.

White blood cells are an important component of our immune system. One thing they do is consume and destroy bacteria by extending their plasma membrane around the bacterium and bringing it inside the cell in a vesicle. By what process do they engulf the bacterium?

phagocytosis

If Rudy Flyer, a 60-kg mascot has a total body water equivalent to 50% of his body weight, what is his interstitial volume?

7.5L

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase (hypersecretion) in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?

decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is

TSH

All of the following are functional categories of epithelia except?

squamous

Drug tolerance, a condition in which the response to a given dose decreases despite continuous exposure to the drug, is an example of _____ target cell receptors.

down regulation

Which of the following is a secondary endocrine organ?

kidney

Peptide hormones are made ____ stored and released via ____

in advance: exocytosis

Saturation occurs when

a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate (all bound to ligands).

A erythrocyte (red blood cell) has an intracellular concentration of 300 mOsM of nonpenetrating solute. When placed in a 300 mOsM NaCI solution, the solution is _____ and the cell will _____

isotonic : not change size

What junctions allow the passage of small molecules and ions from the cytosol of one cell to that of a neighboring cell?

gap junctions

Gated channels for ions may include

All of the answers are correct/ (voltage gates, which respond to electrical signal. mechanical gates, which respond to pressure.chemical gates, which respond to ligands.)

chemical gates, which respond to ligands.

insulin

When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as

synergistic.

One way that membrane surface area is increased in the absorptive cells of the small intestine is through increasing the _____ of the apical membrane.

folding

What is a molecule that is similar in structure to a messenger and binds with that messenger's receptor to stimulate a similar response from the target cell?

agonist

The greater the attractive forces between ligand and receptor, that receptor is said to have a higher _____ for the ligand.

affinity

The hypothalamus produces all of the following tropic hormones except

Thyroid -stimulating hormone (ISH)

A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a _____ study.

crossover

As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cell's response to a chemical messenger depends on which three factors?

(1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors, and (3) the affinity of the receptor for the messenger

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins?

intracellular fluid only

In facilitated diffusion, a molecule is moved

down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required.

Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary?

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion?

calcium

The four major types of membrane receptors are all of the following except

connexons

Heroin overdose is usually treated with an opioid ____ such as naloxone (Narcan) or naltrexone, an opioid,which prevents heroin from binding to mu receptors and reverses the effects of heroin on the body.

antagonist

A feedforward response occurs when?

the response loop starts in anticipation of the change.

What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?

oxytocin

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative (amine) EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.

prolactin

In epithelial tissue, the portion of the plasma membrane facing the lumen is called the _____ membrane portion of the plasma membrane facing the connective tissue/interstitial fluid is called the _____ membrane.

apical: basolateral

All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol?

steroids

A red blood cell has an interacellular concentration of 300 mOsM of nonpenetrating solute. Which of the following best describes a solution containing 150 mM NaCl and 100 mM urea relative to the red blood cell?

hyper osmotic, isotonic