lecture 21 herbivory

what deter herbivores

secondary metabolites

what is herbivory

the act of eating plants

what are examples of secondary metabolites

alkaloids, cyanides, glucosinates, tannins, terpenes

what are trichomes

leaf hairs that contains alkaloids to puncture herbivore mouths

what is a plant that produces a deathly amount of alkaloids

deathly nightshade plant

what is the alkaloid that the deathly nightshade plant produces

atropine

whaat are ways atropine is used in medicine

pupil dialation, anaestesia, treating acuke pesticide poisoning

what is a n alkaloid that damages DNA

cyclopamine

what gave sheep one eye

cyclopamime

what can a high concentration of cyclopamine cause

seizures

what is cyclopamine found in

corn lily in CA

what chemical do some unbred almonds have

cyanide

what chemical do apple seeds contain too

cyanide

what chemical do the brassica family have

glucosinates

are glucosinates safe for insects and animals to eat?

toxic to insects, pleasurable for humans

when are glucosinates released

upon wounding

how do brussels sprouts defend against caterpillars

they can sense butterfly eggs

how do brussels sprouts deter caterpillars

glucosinalate synthesis

what moths have evolved to break down glucosinalate poison and in turn can eat brassica

diamond back moths, theyre actually attracted to the poison now

what are examples of tannins we (humans) eat

pomergranate, tea, red wine

what is flavor sensation to tannins provide to humans called

astringency

what does astringency make it hard to do

swallow tannin rich plant tissues

what does tannin rich tree bark do to the water at times

makes the water brown

what is an example of an abundant plant with high quantity of tannin

acorns

how did indigenous people harvest acorns

soaked in water to get tannins out

what enzyme allows squirrels to eat acorns

tannase

what are airborne chemical signals called

terpenes

are terpenes volatile

yes

what is responsible for aromas we liek (spices)

terpenes

how are terpenes used to help the plant from being wounded

used to attract predator of the thing eating the plant

how is ethylene used with defense signals

ethylene is released after production of terpenes occurs

what does jasmonate do

a hormone released after wounding to release defense chemicals

what volatile are terpenes made from

isoprene

what does isoprene release from trees cause sometimes

blue light in mountain ranges

what is the main polymer of rubber

isoprene

what is the beetle that was present in eastern europe

colorado potato beetle

how did the germany government use the colorado potato beegle

anti american propoganda

what percent of crop yield worldwide is lost to insects

15%

how does climate change play a role in insect hervibory

insects spread beyond their range becasue of warmer temperatures

what is an effective way to rid insect herbivores

pesticides

what did pesticides help people from

hunger

what was wrong with early pesticides

bad for environment

what is an example of a pesticide really bad for the environment

DDT

how does DDT stop insects from eating plants

stops their nervous systems in insectswh

when did DDT become popular

for militaries to control mosquito population

whats an example of how ddt accumulated in the food chain

caused eggshells in birds to weaken

what was a nicotine based pesticide that caused bee colonies to collapse

neonicotinoids

did neonicotinoids have horrible ecosystem effects? is it used in us & eu

no crazy ecosystem effects but banned in us and eu

why are pesticides not a permanent solution

because of resistance that insects build

how many pesticides do the colorado potato beetle resist

over 50 pesticides

what is the resistance of insects and pesticide an example of

constant arms race => evolution and adaptation