vet tech prep power pages

from what species are most human rabies contracted?

bats

what are the 2 major clinical signs of rabies?

behavior changes and vocalization

how long can a patient with rabies be asymptomatic?

1-2 months

what are the two forms of rabies?

dumb and furious

the forms of rabies are only present in what disease stage?

terminal

what are the clinical signs of furious rabies?

animals become anxious and aggressive. progresses to seizures or paralysis.

what are the clinical signs of dumb rabies?

hypersalivation and difficulty swallowing

what is the test of choice for rabies diagnosis?

direct fluorescent antibody test

what are the two locations of the brain used for rabies testing?

brainstem and cerebellum

how should bites to exposed unvaccinated pets be managed?

euthanasia and testing OR immediate vaccination and 4 month (dogs and cats) or 6 month (ferrets) quarantine

how should bites to exposed and currently vaccinated pets be managed?

45 day observation and immediate revaccination

how should bites to exposed and expired/outdated vaccinated pets be managed?

45 day observation and immediate revaccination.

how should humans be treated if rabies exposure is suspected?

post exposure prophylaxis with rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination at 0 and 3 days. if a pet bit a human, it must be quarantined for 10 days or euthanized and submitted for rabies testing.

describe type I diabetes

pancreatic beta cells do not produce enough insulin

describe type II diabetes

the body is resistant to insulin’s effects

what type of insulin is short-acting?

humulin-R or regular insulin

what is regular insulin used for?

DKA, more immediate control of blood glucose

what type of insulin is Humulin-N?

intermediate or longer acting insulin

what type of insulin is recommended for use in cats?

peakless insulin (ex: glargine (Lantus))

what is the nadir?

the lowest point that the blood glucose reaches after insulin before it starts to increase again

what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

vomiting, ataxia, weakness, tremoring, dazed mentation, seizures, or death

if an owner is unsure wether an insulin injection went in, what is the appropriate course of action.

insulin should never be re-dosed. the regular amount should be given at the next dose.

what triggers the release of catecholamines?

stress

what is the appropriate diurnal temperature range for reptiles?

85-95 F

what is the appropriate basking light maximum temperature?

100-105 F

what is the recommended humidity range for tropical reptile species?

80-90%

what is the recommended humidity range for desert reptile species?

30-50%

what functions is UVB lighting necessary for?

calcium absorption and vitamin D synthesis

what foods should be avoided in herbivorous lizard species and why?

parsley, spinach, and chives. oxalic acid may bind calcium and reduce calcium level.

what are the venipuncture sites in lizards?

ventral coccygeal (tail vein), jugular vein, ventral abdominal vein

what are the venipuncture sites for celonians?

jugular vein, subcarapacial venous sinus (just above head and underneath shell at midline), dorsal coccygeal vein

an additional handler should be present for every ____ feet of the snake’s body.

3-4

what are the clinical signs of metabolic bone disease in lizards?

weakness, lethargy, stunted growth, muscle fasciculations, abnormal gait or posture, fractures, soft mandible (rubber jaw)

what organism is associated with severe gastrointestinal disease in lizards?

Entamoeba invadens (protozoal)

what are the clinical signs of herpes virus in lizards?

wart-like growths on skin, associated with stomatitis, disease in the liver, lung, or spleen.

what are the clinical signs of entamoeba invadens infection in snakes?

hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration, muscle wasting, death

what is used to treat coccidian parasites in snakes?

sulfonamides

what can snake mites cause?

anemia, inclusion body disease

what are the clinical signs of inclusion body disease in snakes?

neurologic disease, weight loss, abnormal shedding, secondary infections

what are the clinical signs of paramyxovirus in snakes?

nasal discharge, pus and blood tinged discharge from the glottis, neurologic disease

what zoonotic organism is naturally harbored by snakes?

campylobacter spp.

what cleaning solution kills campylobacter spp.?

sodium hypochlorite

what vitamin deficiency is common in chelonians?

A

what are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A in chelonians?

degeneration of epithelial surfaces

what can cause gout in chelonians?

ingestion of excessive protein, dehydration, kidney disease

when is hepatic lipidosis a normal physiologic process in chelonians?

hibernation and egg formation

what are the clinical signs of pathologic hepatic lipidosis in chelonians?

obesity, lethargy, weight loss, infertility, abnormal feces, anorexia

what is associated with accelerated growth or early maturity of chelonians?

renal disease, skeletal deformities, high mortality

what zoonotic diseases are carried by chelonians?

salmonella spp., mycobacterium spp., campylobacter spp., chlamydia spp., yersinia spp., vibrio spp., aeromonas spp., and e. coli.

apical

direction toward the root

attrition

wearing of the teeth from mastication or teeth rubbing together

buccal

direction toward the cheek

calculus

calcified plaque which hardens on the tooth and may not be brushed off

cementum

hard connective tissue covering the tooth root and sometimes the crown

crown

portion of the tooth that sits above the gum line and is covered in enamel

dentin

the bulk of the tooth; hard connective tissue made mostly of calcium and collagen

enamel

the white hard outer layer of the crown made mostly of calcium

endontics

treatment involving the pulp cavity

gingiva

mucosa/gums surrounding the teeth

lingual

direction towards the tongue

occlusal

the chewing surface of the tooth, which meets the tooth surface on the opposite jaw

periodontal ligament

collagen fiber that attaches tooth to the bone and holds the tooth in place

periodontum

supportive tissues around the tooth, including bone of alveolus, periodontal ligament, cementum, and gingiva

plaque

a film which accumulates on the tooth made of food, bacteria, cells, and mucin

pulp

the soft part inside the tooth made of nerves, vessels, odontoblasts, connective tissues, and lymphatics

ranula

a salivary cyst under the tongue

recession

apical gingival movement away from the tooth crown

root

lower part of the tooth that is in the alveolus

stomatitis

inflammation of the soft tissues in the mouth

sulcus

pocket under the gingiva, normal is 0-3 mm, greater than this suggests periodontal disease

radicular

continuously erupting but not growing teeth

aradicular

continuously growing

what are the two types of hypsodont teeth

radicular and aradicular

dental formula for adult dogs

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P4/4 M 2/3) = 42

dental formula for adult cats

2 (I 3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M 1/1) = 30

dental formula for adult cows/sheep/goats

2 (I 0/3 C0/1 P 3/3 M3/3) = 32

dental formula for adult horses

2 (I 3/3 C 0-1/0-1 P 3-4/4 M 3/3) = 36-42

dental formula for adult pigs

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3) = 44

dental formula for adult lagomorphs

2 (I 2/1 C 0/0 P 3/2 M 3/3) = 28

dental formula for adult rat/mouse

2 (I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3) = 16

curette

used for subgingival removal of calculus and root plaining. can also be used supragingivally; has a rounded back and tip

elevator

used for breaking down the periodontal ligament with pressure and leverage

luxator

used for breaking down the/cutting the periodontal ligament; not used for leverage

extraction forceps

used to extract (pull out) the tooth after the periodontal ligament has been broken down

probe

has a blunted tip; inserted into gingival sulcus to measure pocket depth and evaluate mobility

polishers that operate greater than what rpm may cause thermal damage

1000 rpm

scaler

used for supraginigval removal of calculus, not subgingival due to sharp tip

cerebrum

conscious thought and perception, largest part of the brain

cerebellum

motor control, coordinates movement

what makes up the diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary

hypothalamus

controls temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, etc. helps to regulate neuroendocrine function and homeostasis of the body.

pituitary

endocrine gland which secretes ACTH, TSH, growth horomone, prolactin, LH, and FSH

brain stem

connects the brain to the spinal cord

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

dura mater

outer layer of meninges

arachnoid

middle layer of meninges

pia mater

inner layer of meninges

how many spinal nerves are there?

31

what are the cell types of the nervous system?

glial cells and neuorns

what do glial cells do?

protect the nervous system?