TOPIC TWO-organisation(P1)

what makes up all living organisms

cells

what is the process by which cells become specialized for a particular job

differentiation

what is a tissue

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

what is an organ

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

what is an organ system

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

organ systems work together to make entire ______

organsims

what are enzymes

catalysts produced by living things

what is a catalyst

substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

what are enzymes made up of

large proteins

what do chemical reactions normally involve

things either being split up or joined

what does every enzyme have

an active site with a unique site

why do enzymes have a unique shape

to fit onto the substance involved in the reaction

what happens if the substrate doesn’t fit into the active site

the reaction wont be catalyzed

why do enzymes need the right temperature

they denature

what effects enzymes (2 things)

temperature and Ph

what happens if the Ph is to high or low

denatures the enzymes

what Ph do most enzymes work best at

Ph 7

what are the enzymes used in digestion produced by and where are they released

cells, gut

what do digestive molecules break down

big molecules like starch, protein and fats

why do big molecules have to be broken down

so they can pas through the digestive system walls

what is an amylase

carbohydrase

what do amylase do

break down starch

where are amylase made (3 places)

salivary gland, pancreas and the small intestine

where are protease made (3 places)

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

what do protease do

convert protein to amino acids

where are lipase made (2 places)

pancreas, small intestine

what do lipase do

convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

where is bile produced

liver

where is bile stored

gall blader

where is bile released

small intestine

what does bile do

neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat

why does bile emulsify fat

breaks it down and gives a bigger surface area for lipase to work on which makes digestion faster

where are enzymes used in the digestion system produced

glans and in the gut lining

what are enzymes used in the digestion system produced by

specialized cells in the glands

what does the stomach do

pummels food with muscular walls, produces protease and produces hydrochloric acid

what does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach

kills bacteria and gives the right Ph for the protease enzyme to work

what Ph does protease work best in

Ph 2

what does the large intestine do

excess water is absorbed from the food

what does the liver do

bile is produced

what does the gall bladder do

stores bile

what does the pancreas do

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes and releases them into the small intestine

what does the salivary glands do

produce amylase enzyme in the salvia

what does the small intestine do

produces protease, lipase and amylase enzymes to complete digestion and digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

what does the rectum do

where the feces are stored

what do you use to test for sugars

benedicts solution

what color will the benedict solution turn if it detects sugar

blue, yellow or red

what color is benedict solution normally

blue

what do you use to detect starch

iodine

what colour will the iodine solution change if starch is present

blue/black

what colour is the iodine solution normally

brown/orange

what do you use to test for lipids

Sudan 111

what will happen if the solution contains lipids and you add Sudan 111

mixture will separate and the top layer will turn red

explain the method for iodine solution

make food sample and add iodine sample and gently shake

explain the method for the biuret test

prepare sample and add biuret solution and gently shake

what do you need to see if starch is present

biuret solution

what colour does the biuret solution go if protein is present

purple

what colour is the biuret solution if there isn’t any protein present

blue

explain the method for testing for lipids

prepare food sample and add 3 drops of sudan 111 solution and gently shake

what does the circulatory system do

carry food and oxygen to every cell in the body and carries waste products to be removed

what is the circulatory system made up of

heart, blood vessels and blood

why do humans have a double circulatory system

prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

what does the right ventricle do

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen and return it to the heart

what does the left ventricle do

pumps oxygenated blood all around the body and gives the oxygen away then comes back to the heart to get oxygen again

why does the heart contract

to pump blood around the body

what are the walls of the heart made up of

muscle tissue

why does the heart have valves

to make sure the blood flows in the right direction, prevents flowing backwards

what are the four chambers of the heart called

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

how do the four chambers of the heart work

blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein, atria contracts pushing blood to ventricles, ventricles contract forcing blood into pulmonary artery and the aorta and out of the heart

what surround the heart making sure it gets oxygenated blood

coronary arteries

what is your resting heart rate controlled by

group of cells in the right atrium wall that acts as a pacemaker

what does the ‘pacemaker’ do

produce small electric impulse which spread to surrounding muscle cells making them contract

what is an artificial pacemaker

\

device implanted under the skin that has a wire going to the heart that creates an electric current

why would someone need an artificial pacemaker

if the natural pacemaker doesn’t work e.g. irregular heartbeats

what are the 3 different types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, vein

what do arteries do

carry blood away from the heart

what do veins do

carry the blood to the heart

what do capillaries do

involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

why are artery walls strongand elastic

heart pumps blood out at a high pressure

are artery walls thick or thin

thick

what do arteries branch into

capillaries

are capillaries big or small

small

why do capillaries have permeable walls

so substances can diffuse in and out

how thick are capillary cell walls and why

one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion

why do veins have a bigger lumen

to help blood flow

why do veins have valves

to keep blood flowing in the right direction

how do you calculate the rate of blood flow

volume of blood / number of minutes

what are 3 plant organs

stem, root, leaves

what’s an example of an organ system task

transporting substances around the plant

what are 5 examples of plant tissues

epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue, meristem tissue, xylem and phloem

where is the epidermal tissue found

covers the whole plant

where is the palisade mesophyll tissue found

part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens

what is the spongy mesophyll tissue

part of the leaf that contains big airspaces to allow gasses to diffuse in and out

where is the meristem tissue found

growing tips of shoots and roots

what do xylem and phloem do

transport things like water and mineral ions and food around the plant

what do meristem tissue do

differentiate into lots of different types of plant cells allowing the plant to grow

why is the epidermal tissue covered with a waxy cuticle

reduces water loss by evaporation

why is the upper epidermis transparent

so light can pass through to the palisade

why does the palisade layer have lots of chloroplast

so they can do photosynthesis

why do xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles

deliver water and nutrients to entire leaf and take away glucose and supports the structure

what are phloem tubes made of

columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls