AP Human Geography Unit 7 (Industrialization and Economic Development)

Acid Rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

Agglomeration

A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

Agricultural Labor Force

The number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates that the country is likely an LDC dependent on agriculture, while a small value indicates that there are fewer people working in agriculture, meaning that the agriculture is more efficient.

Air Pollution

Concentration of trace substances such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

Alfred Weber

German geographer who was a major theorists of industrial location. He devised a model of how to understand industrial locations in regard to several factors, including labor supply, markets, resource location, and transpiration.

Assembly Line Production/Fordism

system of workers and machinery in which a product is assembled in a series of consecutive operations; typically the product is attached to a continuously moving belt

Bid Rent Theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Break-of-bulk- point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode or transportation to another

Calorie Consumption

As a percentage of daily requirement is an important index of development. People in MDCs generally consume more than 130% of their daily requirements, but most people in LDCs barely get enough to sustain themselves. The problem is worst in Africa, where most people do not eat enough. (Why is this even related to APHG)

Commodity Chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market

Consumption

the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing

Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

Dependency Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Deglomeration

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Developing

Countries with less productive economies and a lower quality of life

Development

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Dollarization

when a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own

Economic Sectors

economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.

Economies of Sale

The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.

Ecotourism

A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas

Energy Consumption

An indicator of development. MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita than do LDCs. This will be important in the future because as LDCs begin to industrialize, there will be a great strain on the world's energy supply

Energy Resources

Something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity

Export

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

Export Processing Zone

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Footloose Industry

industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms

Foreign Direct Investment

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Formal Economy

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

Friction of Distance

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Four Tigers

the highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Greenhouse Effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Gross Domestic Product

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

Gross National Product

Like "gross domestic product," only the incomes that people earn abroad are also considered

Gross National Income

The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by its nationals; formerly called "gross national product."

Growth Poles

economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.

Heartland

Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.

Human Development Index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Imports

Goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Informal economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

Islands of Development

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Labor-Intensive

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Least-Cost Location

A site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue

Levels Of Development

that countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries).

Location Theory

a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Measures of Development

the process of achieving an optimum level of health and well-being. It includes physical, biological, mental, emotional, social, educational, economic, and cultural components

Millennium Development

A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries. The goals were: (1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, (2) achieve universal primary education, (3) promote gender equality and empower women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, (7) ensure environmental sustainability, (8) develop a global partnership for development.

Modernization Model

A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Neocolonialism

A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Newly Industrialization Countries

countries formerly peripheral within the world system that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreign direct investment

Non-Governmental Organizations

A private sector organization that does not primarily aim to make a profit. Instead, they operate for the benefit of others in society.

An organization established by groups of people to work toward specific goals and to gain public support in achieving these goals.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Offshoring

Moving operations from the country where a company is headquartered to a country where pay rates are lower but the necessary skills are available.

Ozone Depletion

thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart

Postindustrial

the time in society that came after the Industrial Revolution

Purchasing Power Parity

a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country

Rimland

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

Rustbelt

urban areas in New England and Middle West characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles)

Special Economic Zones

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Specialized Economic Zones

specific area within a country that has tax incentives & less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Structural Adjustment Loans

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.

Sunbelt

A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.

Technology Gap

The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.

Third World

Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies.

Time-Space Compression

the social and psycological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity

Trade

Exchange of goods and services

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Variable Costs

Costs that change as output changes

W.W. Rostow

international trade advocate and 5 stages of developmen

Weight Gaining

finished products weigh more than raw materials, so the factory needs to be close to the market

Weight Losing

raw materials weigh more than the finished product, so the factory needs to be close to the resources

World Cities

A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce

World Systems Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein's theoretical approach which analyzes societies in terms of their position within global systems.

Well this is it......

Last Unit of AP Human Geo, most likely the hardest class I took this year. Anyway, thank you if you used my quizlet, cause honestly even though I made this mostly for me, it still felt good for others to benefit from it too. :P

Good luck on your EOC, your gonna need it. Follow my instagram! @Speed2411.

Until then, ILLL CYAAA