Week 5 Notes

Study of genetics

hereditary

Alleles are the alternate forms of

genes

Change in allelic frequencies over time

Evolution

Fitness

Organisms success in surviving and passing genes to next generation

Meiosis picture

Mitosis picture

(IPMAT)

Process for mitosis and meiosis (l)

PMAT

Prophase

Chromatin → chromosomes composed of two sister chromatids. Nuclear envelope begins to break down & the mitotic spindle fibers start forming.

Interphase (G1, G2, S)

Cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares for division

G1

Cell grows larger, copies organelles, makes proteins before replicating DNA

S

Cell copies & replicates all of its DNA

G2

Cell growth continues, checks for error before prepping for division

Metaphase

Fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes, pulling and aligning along equator of cell (m. plate)

Anaphase

Sister chromatids pulled apart by fibers toward opposite poles.

Telophase

Two nuclear membranes form w/ two separates sets of chromosomes. Chromosomes also start to uncoil

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm. Creates two separate daughter cells.

Mitosis summarized

One parent cell → two daughter/diploid cell

Meiosis summarized

1 diploid cell → 4 haploid cell

Crossing over is

Chromosomes exchange segments of DNA. Occurs in prophase l

In anaphase l of meiosis

Fibers pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends and sister chromatids remain attached

Chromosomes are made up of

DNA; lines between genes

Genes are made of

DNA

Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → (mRNA) Proteins

Cannot flow backward

Chromatid

one of two identical tightly packed strands of a replicated chromosome during cell division

Gametes

reproductive sex cells

Somatic cells

any cells in a multicellular organism that forms the body

-make up tissues and organs

Genomes are made up of

several chromosomes

Genome

Complete total set of organisms genetic material (all of its DNA)

Alleles

Different variation of the same exact gene