Variations in Psychological Attributes- 12th Psychology

What is the focus of the study of individual differences in psychology?

It examines the distinctiveness and variations among people's characteristics and behavior patterns.

What is intelligence defined as in psychological terms?

Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges.

What are psychological attributes?

Psychological attributes are characteristics that can be assessed and measured, such as intelligence, creativity, and personality traits.

What does the term 'situationism' refer to in psychology?

Situationism is the view that situational factors influence an individual's behavior more than personal traits.

What is the purpose of psychological assessment?

Psychological assessment aims to evaluate abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of individuals using systematic testing procedures.

What is the difference between formal and informal psychological assessment?

Formal assessment is objective, standardized, and organized, while informal assessment varies and is more subjective.

How do psychologists assess intelligence?

Psychologists use intelligence tests to provide a global measure of a person's cognitive competence.

What does aptitude refer to in psychology?

Aptitude refers to an individual's underlying potential for acquiring skills and is often assessed to predict future performance.

What is emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

What are the characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons?

They typically exhibit self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.

What is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

It proposes that there are various types of intelligence, each representing different ways of processing information.

What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

This theory posits that intelligence consists of three parts: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What are some common variations in psychological attributes?

Variations can include differences in intelligence, creativity, personality traits, and emotional responses.

Why is understanding individual differences important in psychology?

It helps in tailoring interventions and support to meet the unique needs of individuals.

What role does culture play in the understanding of intelligence?

Culture influences the definitions and perceptions of intelligence, leading to variations in how it is assessed and valued.

What is the relationship between intelligence test scores and success in life?

While intelligence test scores can predict academic performance, they do not solely determine success in life.

What is the significance of assessing psychological attributes?

Assessment provides insights into an individual's strengths and weaknesses, guiding interventions and support.

How do individual differences manifest in everyday life?

They can be observed in how people perceive, learn, think, and perform various tasks.

What is the impact of situational influences on behavior?

Situational influences can lead individuals with different personality traits to respond similarly in certain contexts.

What are some examples of psychological attributes that can be assessed?

Examples include intelligence, creativity, personality traits, and emotional responses.

What is the importance of variability in psychological attributes?

Variability adds diversity to human experience and understanding, highlighting the uniqueness of each individual.

What is the role of assessment in predicting future behavior?

Assessment helps predict how an individual may behave in future situations based on their assessed attributes.

What are some common methods used to assess psychological attributes?

Methods include standardized tests, observational assessments, and self-report questionnaires.

What is the significance of understanding the difference between intelligence and aptitude?

Understanding this difference helps in accurately predicting an individual's potential and guiding their development.

What is the definition of interest in psychology?

Interest is an individual's preference for engaging in specific activities relative to others.

How can assessing students' interests be beneficial?

It helps decide which subjects or courses they can pursue comfortably and with pleasure.

What does personality refer to in psychological terms?

Personality refers to relatively enduring characteristics that make a person distinct from others.

What is the purpose of personality assessment?

To explain an individual's behavior and predict future behavior.

What are values in the context of psychology?

Values are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behavior that guide actions and judgments.

What is a psychological test?

An objective and standardized measure of an individual's mental and/or behavioral characteristics.

What is the purpose of interviews in psychological assessment?

To seek information from a person on a one-to-one basis.

What is a case study in psychology?

An in-depth study of an individual's psychological attributes and history in context.

What does observation involve in psychological research?

Employing systematic and organized procedures to record behavioral phenomena occurring naturally.

What is the self-report method in psychological assessment?

A method where a person provides factual information about themselves and their opinions.

Who was Alfred Binet and what was his contribution to intelligence theory?

Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists to work on intelligence, defining it as the ability to judge, understand, and reason well.

How did Wechsler define intelligence?

As the global and aggregate capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

It considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities, expressed as a single index of cognitive abilities.

What does the information-processing approach to intelligence focus on?

It describes the processes used in intellectual reasoning and problem-solving.

What is Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence?

It proposes that intelligence consists of a general factor (g-factor) and specific factors (s-factors) related to different abilities.

What are the seven primary abilities according to Thurstone's theory?

Thurstone proposed that intelligence consists of seven relatively independent primary mental abilities.

What is the significance of assessing values in psychology?

It helps determine a person's dominant beliefs in areas like political, religious, social, or economic contexts.

What is the role of psychological assessment in personnel selection?

To evaluate candidates for their suitability for specific roles within an organization.

What are projective tests in personality assessment?

Tests designed to reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts by analyzing responses to ambiguous stimuli.

How does personality assessment contribute to guidance?

It helps individuals understand their traits and how they may influence their choices and behaviors.

What is the importance of understanding intelligence in psychology?

It provides insights into how individuals differ and adapt their behavior according to their environment.

What is the relationship between intelligence and adaptation according to psychologists?

Intelligence is seen as the ability to adapt behavior to effectively deal with one's environment.

What are some common methods used for psychological assessment?

Methods include interviews, case studies, observations, self-reports, and standardized psychological tests.

What does the term 'g-factor' refer to in Spearman's theory?

The general factor of intelligence that includes mental operations common to all performances.

What is the significance of the s-factor in Spearman's theory?

Specific abilities that allow individuals to excel in particular domains, in addition to the general intelligence factor.

What are the seven primary abilities identified in intelligence?

Verbal Comprehension, Numerical Abilities, Spatial Relations, Perceptual Speed, Word Fluency, Memory, and Inductive Reasoning.

Who proposed the hierarchical model of intelligence?

Arthur Jensen.

What are the two levels in Jensen's hierarchical model of intelligence?

Level I (associative learning) and Level II (cognitive competence).

What does Level I in Jensen's model involve?

Associative learning where output is similar to input, such as rote learning and memory.

What is the focus of Level II in Jensen's model?

Higher-order skills that transform input to produce effective output.

What model did J.P. Guilford propose?

The structure-of-intellect model.

What are the three dimensions of Guilford's structure-of-intellect model?

Operations, Contents, and Products.

What do the 'Operations' in Guilford's model refer to?

What the respondent does, including cognition, memory recording, and evaluation.

What types of 'Contents' are included in Guilford's model?

Visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral.

What are the 'Products' in Guilford's structure-of-intellect model?

The form in which information is processed, classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.

Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Howard Gardner.

What is the main idea behind Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Intelligence is not a single entity but consists of distinct types of intelligences that are independent of each other.

What are the eight types of intelligence according to Gardner?

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinaesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalistic.

What does Linguistic intelligence involve?

The ability to produce and use language fluently and flexibly.

What characterizes Logical-Mathematical intelligence?

The ability to think logically and critically, and solve problems.

What is Spatial intelligence?

The ability to form visual images and patterns.

What does Musical intelligence refer to?

The ability to produce and manipulate musical rhythms and patterns.

What is Bodily-Kinaesthetic intelligence?

The ability to use the body flexibly and creatively.

What does Interpersonal intelligence involve?

The ability to understand the motives, feelings, and behaviors of others.

What is Intrapersonal intelligence?

The ability to understand one's own feelings, motives, and desires.

What does Naturalistic intelligence involve?

The ability to identify features of the natural world.

What is Componential Intelligence?

Analytical intelligence that involves the analysis of information to solve problems.

What are the three components of Componential Intelligence?

Knowledge acquisition, meta-component, and performance component.

What does Contextual Intelligence refer to?

Practical intelligence that involves dealing with environmental demands encountered daily.

What is Experiential Intelligence?

Creative intelligence that involves using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems.

What does the PASS model of intelligence stand for?

Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive processing.

What is simultaneous processing in the PASS model?

It involves grasping the meaning and relationships between abstract figures, as seen in tasks like Raven's Progressive Matrices.

What is successive processing in the PASS model?

It involves recalling information in a serial manner, such as learning digits or multiplication tables.

What role does planning play in the PASS model?

Planning allows individuals to think of possible actions, implement them, and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving goals.

How do the PASS processes operate?

They operate on a knowledge base developed through formal and informal learning, and are interactive and dynamic.

What is the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)?

A battery of tests developed by Das and Naglieri to measure basic cognitive functions in individuals aged 5 to 18.

What are the three neurological systems in the PASS model?

Arousal/attention, coding/processing, and planning.

What is the significance of arousal/attention in the PASS model?

Arousal helps individuals attend to stimuli and process information effectively; optimal levels enhance focus.

What is the relationship between heredity and intelligence?

Heredity sets a range for intelligence development, which is shaped by environmental support and opportunities.

Who were the first psychologists to formally measure intelligence?

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1905.

What does Mental Age (MA) represent?

A measure of a person's intellectual development relative to their age group.

How is Intelligence Quotient (IQ) calculated?

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100.

What does an IQ score of 100 indicate?

It indicates that a person's mental age is equal to their chronological age.

What IQ range is considered 'average'?

An IQ range of 90 to 109.

What percentage of the population has an IQ above 130?

About 2.2%.

What is the significance of the normal curve in IQ distribution?

It shows that most IQ scores cluster around the mean (100), with fewer individuals at the extremes.

What does an IQ below 70 suggest?

It suggests potential intellectual disability.

What evidence supports the influence of environment on intelligence?

Studies show that children adopted into higher socio-economic families tend to increase their intelligence scores.

What is the correlation of intelligence between identical twins reared together?

Almost 0.90, indicating a strong genetic influence.

What is the classification of people based on IQ scores?

Ranges from 'intellectually disabled' (below 70) to 'very superior' (above 130).

What does the term 'retardation' refer to in the context of Binet and Simon's work?

Being two mental age years below chronological age.

What is the impact of environmental deprivation on intelligence?

It can lower intelligence levels, particularly in children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

What happens to the IQ of children as they grow older in adoptive families?

Their IQ tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents.

What are the two groups of individuals based on cognitive abilities?

Intellectually gifted and intellectually disabled.

What is the mean IQ score in the population?

100.

What are the categories of intellectual disability based on IQ?

Mild (IQs 55 to 70), moderate (IQs 35-40 to 50-55), severe (IQs 20-25 to 35-40), and profound (IQs below 20-25).