RNR 316 Critical Thinking Exam Chapters 14-17 Study Guide

½ species obtain their energy by consuming other organisms

How do the other ½ obtain their energy

consumes and kills prey from population

Consumer Resource Predation

does not kill host directly, consumes part of prey (host)

Parasitism

insects whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their hosts (typically other insects)

Parasitoids

attack of the killer fungi

Cordyceps

can manipulate insect host behavior to increase their own reproductive fitness

Cordyceps

-prey need to be able to escape/hide

-reproductive capacity of predator must lag prey

To avoid prey population extinction:

-disperse(lower intraspecific competition)

-switch food source when primary prey not available

To avoid predator extinction:

dN/dt = rN -cNp

Prey formula

intrinsic population growth rate

r =

# of prey

N =

# of predators

P =

predation success rate 

c =

dP/dt = acNP

Predator formula

reproductive efficiency

a =

per capita mortality rate of predators

m =

the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable

Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline

joint trajectory of predator and prey populations that occurs at the same time

Joint Population trajectory

the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey population across.

Joint Equilibrium point

the relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption

Functional response

the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals (camouflage)

Crypsis

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Phenotypic plasticity

bright color patterns on animals (as an insect) that serve to warn predators that the animal is undesirable prey (as by being poisonous or bad-tasting)

Warning coloration (aposematism)

species that evolve similar patterns of warning coloration

Mullerian mimicry

a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Batesian mimicry

when two or more species affect each other’s evolution

Coevolution

lives outside an organism

Ectoparasite

lives inside an organism

Endoparasite

live inside the cells of a host

Intracellular

live in spaces between cells of a host

Intercellular

parasites often have a higher reproductive rate than their hosts and do not often kill host

Parasite and host dynamics

when a parasite is transmitted from a parent to its offspring

Vertical Transmission

when a parasite moves between individuals other than parents and offspring

Horizontal transmission

ability of host to prevent infection from occurring

Infection Resistance

ability of host to minimize harm from infection

Infection tolerance

simplest model of infectious disease transmission that incorporates immunity

Susceptible - Infected -Resistant (SIR) model

an interaction between individual organisms as a result of a shared requirement for one or more resources in limited supply

Competition

Resource

two species cannot coexist indefinitely on the same resource 

Complete Competitors Cannot Coexist

a measure of inter-specific competition within a community 

Competition coefficients

all the environmental (abiotic) conditions in which an organism can survive

Fundamental niche

where an organism is actually found usually restricted due to species (biotic) interactions

Realized niche

competition in which individuals reduce the supply of a shared resource as they use it 

Exploitive competition

king snakes and milk snakes look like the venomous coral snake

Example of a Batesian mimicry

involves direct interaction between competitors such that the action of one species inhibits the other species

Interference competition

occurs when two individuals that do not directly compete for resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator

Apparent competition

a type of interference competition that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors

Allelopathy

many different species of stinging wasps look very similar with black and yellow banded bodies

Example of Mullerian mimicry

a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further

Liebeg’s law of the minimum

a species that interacts with many other species

Generalists

a species that interacts with one other species/a few closely related species

Specialists

two species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist

Obligate mutualists

where the relationship is beneficial but not essential for the survival of either species

Facultative mutualists

first organisms, single-celled bacteria and archaea without distinct organelles

Prokaryotes

are organisms with distinct cell that evolved from prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

-the abundance of a population is limited by its predators 

-applies to predator-prey & herbivore-plant interactions

Top-Down Control (predation)

-the abundance of a populations limited by nutrient supply/by the availability of food

Bottom-up control (competition)

fruit flies, mice, beetles

Other supporting model system examples