Section 3: Energy Transformations

What is the binding site of between an enzyme and a substrate called?

The activation site

What is allosteric inhibition?

A type of non-competitive inhibition where a molecule binds at an allosteric site far away from the actual activation site

How does allosteric inhibition affect an enzyme?

It changes the shape of the enzyme

What can be said about the properties of a competitive inhibitor binding onto the activation site of an enzyme?

The competitive inhibitor has a similar shape or charge as the original substrate

What molecules help enzyme catalyze reactions?

Enzyme cofactors

What is enzyme feedback inhibition?

What is the liquid space inside the chloroplast called?

stroma

What is the structure that contains chlorophyll called?

thylakoid

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

Granum

What is the fluid inside the thylakoid called?

Lumen

In what chloroplast structure does the light-DEPENDENT reaction take place?

Thylakoid

Where do the light-INDEPENDENT reactions take place?

stroma

What is photolysis, and when does it occur during photosynthesis?

The breakdown of water by light in order to reduce Photosystem II after light has excited the electrons

What are the 3 products of the light-DEPENDENT reaction?

ATP
NADPH
O2

What is the 1st phase of the Calvin cycle called, and what happens during this phase?

during Carbon Fixation, RuBisCO combines CO2 from the air with RuBP (5-carbon molecule)

What is the product of Carbon Fixation during the Calvin Cycle?

Two 3-carbon molecules (3-phosphoglycerate)

What happens during the Reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?

NADPH reduces 3-phosphoglycerate into G3P with the help of energy from ATP

What is the product of the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?

6 G3P molecules

What is the net gain of G3P molecules during the Calvin Cycle?

1 G3P

How many G3P molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose?

2 G3P molecules

How many CO2 molecules are needed for the Calvin Cycle to make 1 Glucose molecule (C6H12O6)

6 CO2

What is the name of the process that produces ATP during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

Chemiosmosis

What wavelength of light does Photosystem II absorb?

680nm

How is a concentration gradient established during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

The protein complexes inside the thylakoid membrane pump in protons into the inside of the thylakoid

What wavelength of light does Photosystem I absorb?

700 nm

How many NADPH electron carriers are needed in the Calvin Cycle to make 1 Glucose molecule?

12 NADPH

How many ATP molecules are needed in the Calvin Cycle to make 1 Glucose molecule?

18 ATP

What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

Cytoplasm

How many ATP molecules are needed during glycolysis?

2 ATP molecules

During what phase of cellular respiration is ATP first formed?

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate
4 ATP (2 ATP Net Gain)
2 NADH

What is the 2nd phase of Cellular Respiration?

Link Reaction/Pyruvate Oxidation

What is the location of Pyruvate Oxidation?

The mitochondria

During which phase of cellular respiration is CO2 first produced?

pyruvate oxidation

What are the products of the Pyruvate Oxidation phase of cellular respiration?

2 Acetyl Co-A
2 NADH
2 CO2

What is the 3rd phase of Cellular Respiration?

the Krebs cycle

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

the mitochondrial matrix

What is the first step of the Krebs Cycle?

1 Acetyl Co-A reacts with Oxaloacetate (4-carbon) to make Citric Acid (6-carbon)

During what phase of Cellular Respiration is FADH2 made?

Krebs Cycle

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle using 1 Acetyl Co-A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

What is the 4th phase of Cellular Respiration?

The Electron Transport Chain

Where is the electron transport chain located?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

How is a concentration gradient established in the Electron Transport Chain?

Electron carriers transport electrons to the 1st protein complex, which pumps protons into the intermembrane space

What is oxygen’s role in the Electron Transport Chain?

electron acceptor

During what phase of Cellular Respiration are water molecules first made?

Electron Transport Chain

How much ATP does 1 glucose molecule make?

38 ATP

How many Calvin Cycle spins are required to make 1 glucose molecule?

6 spins

In what phase of Cellular Respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Glycolysis

What are the 2 types of anaerobic fermentation processes?

Ethanol and Lactic Acid fermentation

What is ethanol fermentation commonly referred to as?

Alcohol fermentation

How many ATP molecules do Ethanol and Lactic Acid fermentation produce, and when do they produce it?

2 ATP produced during Glycolysis

What type of cells primarily undergo Lactic Acid fermentation?

Muscle Cells

C) Pyruvate

D) Alcohol Fermentation

What is the most common photosynthetic pathway plants use?

C3 Plants

What is photorespiration?

A wasteful pathway that uses O2 instead of CO2 during photosynthesis, leading to no sugar or ATP production.

Why does photorespiration occur?

Plants in hot environments close their stomata to reduce water loss, leading to O2 buildup.

How is photosynthesis carried out in C4 plants?

C4 plants separate the light-dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle into different cells

What are the names of the cells where C4 plants fix carbon?

bundle-sheath cells

What are the names of the cells where C4 plants intake CO2

Mesophyll cells

How is photosynthesis carried out in CAM plants?

CAM plants separate light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle in time. They open their stomata at night and convert CO2 into an acid, storing it in their vacuoles and fixing carbon during the day.