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New Deal
FDR’s series of programs to combat the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
Alphabet soup of agencies
A nickname for FDR’s numerous government programs (e.g., WPA, CCC, NRA) created during the New Deal.
Social Security Administration
Created in 1935 to provide pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A New Deal agency that built dams and provided electricity to rural areas.
Dust Bowl
Severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s that devastated agriculture in the Great Plains.
Espionage Act of 1917
Law that penalized anti-war activities and spying during WWI.
Sedition Act of 1918
Extended the Espionage Act, criminalizing speech against the government or war effort.
Schenck v. US
Supreme Court case ruling that speech creating a 'clear and present danger' (e.g., anti-draft propaganda) is not protected.
Abrams v. US
Upheld the Sedition Act, ruling that speech inciting resistance to war efforts was not protected.
Red Scare
Fear of communism in the U.S. following the Russian Revolution, leading to crackdowns on suspected radicals.
Sacco and Vanzetti case
Trial and execution of two Italian anarchists, widely believed to be unfair and influenced by anti-immigrant sentiment.
Scopes Monkey Trial
1925 trial of teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution, highlighting tensions between science and religion.
Darrow v. Bryan
Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, while William Jennings Bryan prosecuted, arguing for biblical literalism.
National Origins Act
1924 law restricting immigration based on quotas favoring Northern Europeans.
Emergency Quota Act
1921 law limiting immigration to 3% of a nationality’s U.S. population in 1910.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 treaty renouncing war as a tool of national policy, largely ineffective.
Dawes Plan
U.S. economic plan to help Germany pay WWI reparations through loans.
